Criterias & classifications

1.Halls criteria : Downs syndrome

2.Dukes criteria: Endocarditis/Heart failure

3.Butchers criteria :mesothelioma

4.Ann Arbours classifiacation :Hodgki.s lymphoma

5.Bismuth classification: tumors of hepatic ductal system

6.Nazers Index: Wilsons disz

7.Pagets Index : Abruptio placentae

8.Quetlet index: BMI -wt in kg/ht in meter square

9.Ponderial Index: ht in cm/cube root of body wt in kgs

10.Brocas index : Ht in cms-100

11.Corpulence index : Actual wt/desired wt

12Milans crjteria: for liver transplant in HCC

13.Mayers n cottons grading system: Subglottic stenosis

14.Spaldings criteria: abdominal pregnancy

15.GCS/Ransons criteria/APACHE score: Pancreatitis

16.Ennekings staging : Bone tumors

17.Mc Donald's criteria: Multiple Sclerosis

18.Epworths criteria : Sleep apnea

19.Framminghams criteria/Boston's criteria: CHF

20.Durie salmon system of staging: Multiple myeloma

21.Lights criteria: pleural effusion

22.GOLD's criteria :COPD

23.OKUDA staging : HCC

24.Child's Turcott pug score/MELD/PELD- Cirrhosis of liver

25.Mantrles criteria/Alvarado score: Appendicitis

26.Evan's stagng: Neuroblastoma

27.FAB: Leukemias

28.Glisson's staging: Prostrate

29.Robson's staging : RCC

30.NADA's criteria: ASD assesment of child for heart disease

31.Rye classification: Hodgkins lymphoma

32.Chang staging: Medulloblastoma

33.Jackson's ataging :Penile Carcinoma

34.Seddons classification: Nerve injury n regeneration

35.Larren's classification:Gastric Ca

36.Neer's classification: supracondylar# femur

37.Gartland's classification: Supracondylar # Humerus

38.Amsel's criteria: bacterial vaginosis

39.Mallampati scoring: for intubation

40.Forrest classification: peptic ulcer bleed

41.Hess & Hunt Scale: subarachnoid hemorrhage

42.Duke staging : colon cancer

43.Rotterdam's criteria : PCOS

44.LEEFORDT's classification : facial #

45.wells criteria: pulmonary embolism

46.Rule of wallace/Rule of 9: Burns

47.Mansons classification: Radial head #

48.Stanford classifi ation: Aortic dissection

49.Rockall scoring: adverse out come after GI bleed

50.Glasgow Blatchford score : UGI bleed for medical intervention

51.Waterlows classification: Malnutrition in children

Microbiology mnemonics

Some mnemonics from Microbiology

Streptococcus pyogenes: diseases caused
NIPPLES:

Necrotising fasciitis and myositis
Impetigo
Pharyngitis
Pneumonia
Lymphangitis
Erysipelas and cellulitis

Scarlet fever/ Streptococcal TS
Streptococcus pyogenes: virulence factors
SMASHED:
Streptolysins
M protein
Anti-C5a peptidase
Streptokinase
Hyaluronidase
Exotoxin
DNAses

Hepatitis: transmission routes
"Vowels are bowels":
Hepatitis A and E transmitted by fecal-oral route.

B19 virus: at-risk groups
B19 affects 3 B's:
Babies (5th disease, infectiousum erythematosa)
Black Bleeders (sickle cell anemics - anaplastic anemic crisis)
Bearing Babies [pregnant women] (hydrops fetalis

Vibrio: motility
"Vibrio Vibrates":
Vibrio is a genus of actively motile bacteria.

Endotoxin features
ENDOTOXIN:
Endothelial cells/ Edema
Negative (gram- bacteria)
DIC/ Death          
Outer membrane
TNF
O-antigen
X-tremely heat stable
IL-1
Nitric oxide/ Neutrophil chemotaxis

Teratogens: placenta-crossing organisms
ToRCHeS:
Toxoplasma
Rubella
CMV
Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster (varicella), Hepatitis B,C,E
Syphilis
· Alternatively: TORCHES: with Others (parvo, listeria), add HIV to H's, Enteroviruses.

Gram+: bacterial cell wall
· Gram+ has:
+hick pepidoglycan layer.
+eichoic acid in wall.

RNA viruses: negative stranded
"Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication":
Arena
Bunya
Paramyxo
Orthomyxo
Filo
Rhabdo
· Note: Negative RNA viruses need there own polymerase.

Staphylococcus aureus: diseases caused
SOFT PAINS:
Skin infections
Osteomyelitis
Food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome
Pneumonia
Acute endocarditis
Infective arthritis
Necrotizing fasciitis
Sepsis

RNA enveloped viruses
FORT ABC, Puerto Rico:
Flavivirus/ Filo
Orthomyxo
Retro
Toga
Arena
Bunya
Corona
Paramyxo
Rhabdo

Neisseria: fermentation of N. gonorrhoeae vs. N. meningitidis
Gonorrhoeae: Glucose fermenter only.
MeninGitidis: Maltose and Glucose fermenter.
· Maltose fermentation is a useful property to know, since it's the classic test to distinguish the Neisseria types.

Streptococci: classification by hemolytic ability
Gamma: Garbage (no hemolytic activity).
Alpha: Almost (almost lyse, but incomplete).
Beta: Best (complete lysis).

Syphilis vs. H. ducreyi (chancroid): which ulcer is painful
"In du-crey-i, you do cry (because it is painful)":
In H. ducreyi, the ulcer is painful, in syphilis the ulcer is painless.

Picornavirus: features
PICORNAvirus:
Positive sense
ICOsahedral
RNA virus

IgA protease-producing bacteria
"Nice Strip of Ham":
Neisseria
Streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenza

E. coli: diseases caused in presence of virulence factors
DUNG:
Diarrhea
UTI
Neonatal meningitis
Gram negative sepsis
· Dung, since contract E. coli from dung-contaminated water.

Meningitis: risk factors
"Can Induce Severe Attacks Of Head PAINS":
Cancer
Immunocompromised state
Sinusitis
Age extremes
Otitis
Head trauma
Parameningeal infection
Alcoholism
Infections (systemic, esp. respiratory)
Neurosurgical procedures
Splenectomy

Klebsiella
You tell the patient: "Get UPS you fat alcoholic":
UTI
Pneumonia
Sepsis
Fat capsule
Get up=nonmotile since no flagella.
Alcoholic=commonly seen in alcoholic and nosocomial patients

Urease positive organisms
PUNCH:
Proteus (leads to alkaline urine)
Ureaplasma (renal calculi)
Nocardia
Cryptoccocus (the fungus)
Helicobacter pylori

Capsulated bacteria
"Some Bacteria Have An Effective Paste Surrounding Membrane Yielding Pseudo Fort, Bypassing Killing":
Strep pneumonia
Bacteroides
H. influenza
Anthrax (B. anthracis)
E. coli
Pasteurella
Salmonella
Menigitidis (N. Menigitidis)
Yersinia pestis
Pseudomonas
Francisella
Brucella
Klebsiella

Toxoplasma gondii: clinical features
Cat reservoir: a cat.
Bug name is Gondii: cat has a Gandi head.
Cat fecal origin: cat is in the litter box.
Causes brain infection, diagnosed by CAT scan: a "CAT" scan of Gandi's brain.
Toxic to eyes: Gandi has cat eyes.
Lymph nodes enlarged: large nodes around neck.
Affects fetus: small kitten in womb.
AIDS patient commonly: cat is very skinny, like an AIDS patient.

DNA viruses: morphology rule of thumb
DNA:
Double-stranded
Nuclear replication
'Anhedral symmetry
· Rule breakers: pox (cytoplasmic), parvo (single-stranded).

Picorna viridae: members
PEECoRnA (Picorna is pronounced 'pee-corna')
Poliovirus
Echovirus
Enterovirus
Coronavirus
"R'novirus" (Rhinovirus)
Hepatitis A

Proteus: disease caused
Firstly, "PROTeus hates PROTons":
So what does it do to fight the protons? It has a urease that raises the pH.
Urea is in urine, so Proteus causes UTIs.

Diphtheria toxin properties
ABCDEF:
A/B-type toxin. Made by
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which binds to
EF-2 (elongation factor 2).

Common cold: viral causes
"Common cold (acute infectious rhinitis, coryza) is PRIMArily caused by":
Paramyxoviruses
Rhinoviruses
Influenza viruses
Myxoviruses
Adenoviruses

Placenta-crossing organisms/ antenatal Infections
STARCH:
Syphilis
Toxoplasmosis
AIDS (HIV)
Rubella
CMV
Herpes/ Hepatitis

Toxoplasma gondii: manifestations
"My Cat Eats Mice":
Mononucleosis-like illness
Chorioretinits/ Congenital infection
Encephalitis
Myocarditis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: culture identification

"Rough, Tough, Buff":
Rough: colony isn't smooth but rough like breadcrumbs.
Tough: colony stuck to plate well, and tough to remove.
Buff: buff is a color, a cream/coffee shade.

Staphylococci: novobiocin test to distinguish coagulase negative staphylococci
Staph epidermidis stays away from the novobiocin disc like an epidemic.
· Therefore, epidermidis is sensitive to novobiocin.
Staph saprophyticus, much friendlier, comes up to the disc and says, "'sap?'" [short for "whassup?", ie "what's up"].
· Therefore, saprophyticus is novobiocin resistant.

Tetanus: treatment for infection
SAD RAT:
Sedation
Antitoxin
Debridement
Relaxant
Antibiotic
Tracheostomy

Streptococci: Quellung reaction: positive sign, Strep type confirmed
"Quell-lung":
Quell: Capsules swell [+ve test].
Lung: S. pnuemonia [type confirmed].
· You get pneumonia in your lung.

Entameoba histolytica: disease caused, action
EntAmoeba causes Amoebic dysEntery.
Action: histo (cell) lytic (burst), so it bursts cells.

Pneumonia: causes: gram negative vs. gram positive
Gram Negatives (eg coliforms) are responsible mainly for Nosocomial pneumonia.
Gram positives (eg strep pneumonia, staph) are thus more responsible for community acquired pneumonia.

Trypanosoma brucei: disease caused
"I went on a TRYP to AFRICA":
TRYPanosoma brucei causes AFRICAn sleeping sickness.
Trichomaniasis: features
· 5 F's:
Flagella
Frothy discharge
Fishy odor (sometimes)
Fornication (STD)
Flagyl (metronidazole) Rx

Obligate anaerobes: members worth knowing
ABC:
Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium

Hemophilius: culture requirements
Read Hemophilus as "HemoFive":
· Needs Heme with Factors Five and Ten.

Pneumonia: acute pneumonia infiltrates from different causes
"Pyrogenic=PMN, Miscellaneous=Mononuclear":
Acute pneumonia caused by Pyogenic bacteria: PMN infiltrate.
Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes: Mononuclear infiltrate.

HIV infection: high-risk groups
HIV:
Homosexuals/ Hemophiliacs
IV drug abusers

Vaccines: types
STARK:
Subunit
Toxoid
Attenuated [live]
Recombinant
Killed [inactivated]

Chlamydia: elementary vs. initial body location
Elementary: Extracellular
Initial: Intracellular

Influenza infection: clinical manifestations
"Having Flu Symptoms Can Make Moaning Children A Nightmare":
Headache
Fever
Sore throat
Chills
Myalgias
Malaise
Cough
Anorexia
Nasal congestion

Meningitis: most common organisms
NHS:
Neisseria meningitidis
Hemophilus Influenzae
Streptococcus pneumonia
·The cause of the most Severe meningitis is Streptococcus

Endocarditis: lab results suggesting it
"High Tech Lab Results Point At Endocarditis":
Hematuria
Thrombocytopenia
Leukocytosis, -penia
Red blood cell casta
Proteinuria
Anemia
Elevated ESR

All type II reactions are related with organ specific autoimmune diseases like..
Multiple Sclerosis
Myesthenia Gravis
Chronic Thyroiditis
Graves disease
Type 1 Diabetes
Pernicious Anemia
ITP
Guillian Barre Syndrome

and all type III reactions are related to systemic autoimmune diseases like
RA
SLE
Good pastures syndrome

the concept used in Indirect flurescent Antibody (IFA)test, ELISA and Western blot...... are all the same...

that they all need a known Ag + pts serum with AB against the Ag + Antihuman gama Globulin.....with specific labels
IFA= Test ag+ pts serum+ anti- human gama globulin labeled with fluoresent dye
ELISA= test ag( P24 ag) + pts serum+ anti-Human gama globulin labeled with an enzyme.
western Blot= test ag ( GP120, GP 41, P24) + Pts serum+ anti-human gama globulin labeled with an enzyme

Functions of Interlukins

Remember the picture above: List the food items in order from left to right - HotTea, Mutton bone, EGG - All these go Into An OESophagus.
Now here are the functions:
IL-1 : Pyrogen (Hot)
IL-2 : Stimulates "T" cell (Tea)
IL-3 : Mutton BONE (BONE Marrow)
IL-4 : Stimulates IgE and IgG (EGG)
IL-5 : Stimulates synthesis of IgA and OESinophils (Into An OESophagus)

Parasitic eggs that float in saturated saline
Fertilised eggs of the following Float in saturated saline:
Remember: Imagine a DWARF holding aWHIP and PINned on ROUND HOOK
i.e. Eggs which Float are Fertilised eggs of:
Dwarf tape worm = Hymenolepis nana
Whip worm = Trichuris trichura
Pin worm =  Enterobius vermicularis
Round worm = Ascaris lumbricoides
Hook worm = Ankylostoma / Necacator

Another alternate mnemonic: I HATEFertilised eggs - HATE stands for Hook /Hymenolepis, Ascaris, Trichuris, Enterobius.

Micro organisms which don't Gram stain well
List of Microbes which may not gram stain well:
Remember: " These Microscopic Rascals May Look Colourless "
Treponema
Mycobacteria
Rickettsia
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Chlamydia

Contents of LJ Medium

Remember the picture to memorise the contents of LJ Medium ( Imagine making the special LJ Bull's eye with salt, green chilly and Pepper added )
Coagulated hen's eggs
Malachite green (Represented by green chilly)
Mineral salt
Asparaginase (Represented by PeppeR)

H. pylori
Remember the LMN: H. pylori is ......
Lophotricate
Motile
Negative gram staining

Also remember the C's
Choclate agar / Campylobacter media
Catalase +ve
CLO test +ve (= Urease breath test)
CAG is virulent cytotoxin associated gene, VAC is VACulating cytotoxin associated gene
Culture is more sensitive for diagnosis
Learn microbiology through picture mnemonics

Fever with Rash
Number of days after onset of fever that rash will appear:
Remember: Really Sick Children Must Take No Exercise.
1 Day -   Rubella
2 Days - Scarlet fever ( Also in Smallpox )
3 Days - Chickenpox
4 Days - Measles
5 Days - Typhus, rickettsia (variable)
6 Days - Nothing
7 Days - Enteric fever

Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus granulosus - Remember EDC
Echinococcus
Dog tapeworm is the common name
Casoni's test is used. Remember CID - Casoni's Intra Dermal test
Treatment is MAPS - Mebendazole, Albendazole, Praziquantel, Surgery

One liners

MCC of intracranial metastasis-Ca lung
MCC of hepatic metastasis - Bronchogenic carcinoma
MCC of hepatic mets from GIT – Colonic ca
MCC of Intrauterine Growth retardation-C/c pyelonephritis?
MCC of HTN in children-A/c Glomerulonephritis
MC complication of CSOM-Temporal lobe abscess
MC ovarian tumour in pregnancy-Teratoma/Dermoid cyst
MC joint involved in Osteo Arthritis-Knee joint
MCC of interstitial/atypical pneumonia- Mycoplasma
MC Glycogen storage disease-Gaucher’s disease
MC porphyria-Porphyria cutanea tarda.
MC cause of childhood nephrotic syndrom-Minimal change disease
MC cause of adult nephrotic syndrome- Membranous glomerulonephritis.
MC cancer-Lung cancer
MC cancer in females-Breast cancer
MC cause of maternal deaths-Obstetric hemorrhage(PPH)
MC cause of Blindness in India-Catarac

High yield-Most common

Most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patient undergoing major vasculr surgery is- CARDIAC COMPLICATIONS

Most common cause of sporadic viral encephalitis is-HSV-1

Most common cause of viral meningitis or aseptic meningitis is- ENTERO VIRUS

MOST COMMON CAUSE OF EPIDEMIC OF VIRAL MENINGITIS is- ARBOVIRUSES

Most common cause of neonatal sepsis in hospitals in India is- KLEBSIELLA

The Mc abnormal opthalmoscopic findings on fundoscopY in AIDS pt is- COTTON WOOL SPOTS

Mc severe ocular complication of AIDS is- CMV RETINITIS

Mc cause of NOSOCOMIAL inf is- STAPH. AUREUS.

Mc cause of TRAVELLER’S DIARROHEA is -ENTEROTOXIGENIC E.COLI

Mc sinusitis in children is- ETHMOIDAL.

Mc sinusitis in adults is -MAXILLARY.

Mc Site of ca tongue is MIDDLE OF LATERAL BORDER or VENTRAL ASPECT of tongue.

Mc MALIGNANT TU of adult males in india-ORAL CANCER

Mc MALIGNANT cancer of adult males in WORLD IS-LUNG CA

Mc MALIGNANT cancer of female in india is – CA CERVIX

Mc MALIGNANT cancer of female in WORLD IS -CA BREAST

Mc organism for ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA IN ANY AGE GROUP ID- Strptococcus PNEUMONIAE>H.INFLUENZA>M.CATARRHALIS.

Most common indication for splenectomy is -Splenic trauma.

Most common cause of cholangitis is -CBD stone

Most common cause of pancreatitis is- Gall stone

Most common cause of pancreatic pseudocyst is -Pancreatitis

Mc cause of myeloproliferative disorder –Polycythemia vera

Mc cause of stroke — Thrombosis >Embolism

Mc of RBC enzyme def. — G6PD def.

Mc variant of HL in INDIA — Mixed cellulatity

Mc urinary fistula-VESICOVAGINAL

Mc cause of VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA in india- Obstructed labour

Mc side effect of IUCD- BLEEDING   2ND MC side effect is PAIN

Mc site of ENDOMETRIOSIS is Ovary   2nd MC site is POUCH OF DOUGLAS

Mc cause of Post menopausal bleeding in DEVELOPED COUNTRIES is -CA ENDOMETRIUM.

Mc cause of post menopausal bleeding in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES(INDIA) is- CA CERVIX

Mc site of genital TB-FALLOPIAN TUBE.

Mc symptom of genital TB is- INFERTILITY

Most common lobe involved in BPH is- MEDIAN.

Mc long term complication of TURP IS- RETROGRADE EJACULATION

Mnemonics

• Hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
UGC—Unconjugated
Gilbert’s syndrome
Crigler-Najjar syndrome I and II

• Downe’s score
– Cyanosis
– Air entry
– Respiratory rate
– Grunting
– Retraction
Mnemonic: CARGR

• Silverman-Anderson index
– Grunting
– Nasal flaring
– Retraction—Upper chest
– Retraction—Lower chest
– Retraction—Xiphoid
Mnemonic: GFR 3–LUX–Silver

• Fallot’s triad
RVH
ASD
Pulmonic stenosis
Mnemonic: RAP

• Fallot’s tetralogy
Pulmonic stenosis
RVH
Overriding of aorta
Ventricular septal defect
Mnemonic: PROVe

Medical terms Virchow

Medical terms Virchow 

Virchow's angle, the angle between the nasobasilar line and the nasosubnasal line 

Virchow's cell, a macrophage in Hansen's disease 

Virchow's cell theory, omnis cellula e cellula – every living cell comes from another living cell 

Virchow's concept of pathology, comparison of diseases common to humans and animals 

Virchow's disease, leontiasis ossea, now recognized as a symptom rather than a disease 

Virchow's gland, Virchow's node 

Virchow's Law, during craniosynostosis, skull growth is restricted to a plane perpendicular to the affected, prematurely fused suture and is enhanced in a plane parallel to it. 

Virchow's line, a line from the root of the nose to the lambda 

Virchow's metamorphosis, lipomatosis in the heart and salivary glands 

Virchow's method of autopsy, a method of autopsy where each organ is taken out one by one 

Virchow's node, the presence of metastatic cancer in a lymph node in the supraclavicular fossa (root of the neck left of the midline), also known as Troisier's sign 

Virchow's psammoma, psammoma bodies in meningiomas 

Virchow–Robin spaces, enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) (often only potential) that surround blood vessels for a short distance as they enter the brain 

Virchow–Seckel syndrome, a very rare disease also known as "bird-headed dwarfism" 

Virchow's triad, the classic factors which precipitate venous thrombus formation: endothelial dysfunction or injury, hemodynamic changes and hypercoaguability

Mnemonics

Grieff stages death
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

Hypercacemia causing tumors-ROSA
R RCC
O Ovarian Ca
S Squamous cell lung Ca
A Adult T cell leukemias/lymphomas

Acanthosis Nigricans characteristically
seen in GLU
G Gastric Ca
Lung Ca
Uterine Ca

Acrodermatitis enteroathica -DAD
D Dermatitis
A Alopecia
D diarrhea

Sister mary joseph nodules r seen in
SCOP
S Stomach cancer
C-Colln Ca (large)
O-Ovarian Ca
P-Pancreatic Ca

Drugs metabolized by P-Glycolization
COLD"
C Cyclosporine
O Oseltamavir
L Loperamide
D Digoxin

KAN(ear) are ototoxic
K Kanamycin
A Amikacin
N Neomycin

Clavipectoral fascia piercing
structures ACL
A Acromio thoracic artery
C Cephalic vein
L Lateral pectoral nerve

C causes neutropenia
Clozapine
Captopril
Clopidogrel
Chlorpropamide
Carbimazole

BAP in Nazer Index( parameters
checked in Nazer index for Wilsons
B Bilirubin
A AST(not albumin*)
P PT

High yield

Most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patient undergoing major vasculr surgery is- CARDIAC COMPLICATIONS

Most common cause of sporadic viral encephalitis is-HSV-1

Most common cause of viral meningitis or aseptic meningitis is- ENTERO VIRUS

MOST COMMON CAUSE OF EPIDEMIC OF VIRAL MENINGITIS is- ARBOVIRUSES

Most common cause of neonatal sepsis in hospitals in India is- KLEBSIELLA

The Mc abnormal opthalmoscopic findings on fundoscopY in AIDS pt is- COTTON WOOL SPOTS

Mc severe ocular complication of AIDS is- CMV RETINITIS

Mc cause of NOSOCOMIAL inf is- STAPH. AUREUS.

Mc cause of TRAVELLER’S DIARROHEA is -ENTEROTOXIGENIC E.COLI

Mc sinusitis in children is- ETHMOIDAL.

Mc sinusitis in adults is -MAXILLARY.

Mc Site of ca tongue is MIDDLE OF LATERAL BORDER or VENTRAL ASPECT of tongue.

Mc MALIGNANT TU of adult males in india-ORAL CANCER

Mc MALIGNANT cancer of adult males in WORLD IS-LUNG CA

Mc MALIGNANT cancer of female in india is – CA CERVIX

Mc MALIGNANT cancer of female in WORLD IS -CA BREAST

Mc organism for ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA IN ANY AGE GROUP ID- Strptococcus PNEUMONIAE>H.INFLUENZA>M.CATARRHALIS.

Most common indication for splenectomy is -Splenic trauma.

Most common cause of cholangitis is -CBD stone

Most common cause of pancreatitis is- Gall stone

Most common cause of pancreatic pseudocyst is -Pancreatitis

Mc cause of myeloproliferative disorder –Polycythemia vera

Mc cause of stroke — Thrombosis >Embolism

Mc of RBC enzyme def. — G6PD def.

Mc variant of HL in INDIA — Mixed cellulatity

Mc urinary fistula-VESICOVAGINAL

Mc cause of VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA in india- Obstructed labour

Mc side effect of IUCD- BLEEDING   2ND MC side effect is PAIN

Mc site of ENDOMETRIOSIS is Ovary   2nd MC site is POUCH OF DOUGLAS

Mc cause of Post menopausal bleeding in DEVELOPED COUNTRIES is -CA ENDOMETRIUM.

Mc cause of post menopausal bleeding in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES(INDIA) is- CA CERVIX

Mc site of genital TB-FALLOPIAN TUBE.

Mc symptom of genital TB is- INFERTILITY

Most common lobe involved in BPH is- MEDIAN.

Mc long term complication of TURP IS- RETROGRADE EJACULATION

SOME IMP MNEMONICS:

SOME IMP MNEMONICS:

🐝Calcifying lung metastasis:(<1%)
BOTTOM
Breast
Osteo/chondosarcoma
Thyroid(papillary)
Testicular
Ovarian
Mucinous adeno ca(colon)

🐝LINTIS PLASTICA
"SLIMRAGE"
Scirrhous ca of stomach
Lymphoma
Metastasis
Radiation therapay
Acids(corrosive ingestion)
Granulomatous ds(tb,sarcoidosis,crohn)
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis

🐝PAPILLARY NECROSIS
"POST CARD"
Pylelonephritis
Obstrucive uropathy
Sickle cell ds
Tuberculosis,trauma
Cirrhosis=alcoholism,coagulopathy
Analgeaic nephropathy
Renal vein thrombosis
Dm(50%)

🐝INTRACRAIAL CALCIFICATION
"CA2+ COME"
Craniopharangioma
Astrocytoma,Aneurysm
Choroid plexus papilloma
Oligodendroglioma
Meningioma,Medulloblastoma
Ependymoma

🐝J SHAPED SELA
"CONMAN"
Chronic hydrocephalus
Optic glioma
Nf
Mucopolysaccharidosis
Achondroplasia
Normal variant

🐝Osteoblastic bone metastatis:
"4 BEES LICK POLLEN"
Brain (medulloblastoma)
Bronchous
Bowel(especially carcinoid)
Bladder
Lymphoma
Prostate

🐝RICKETS
"RICKETS"
Reacrion of periosteum may occur
Indistinct cortex
Coarse trabeculation
Knees+wrists+ankles mainly affected
Epiphseal plates widened+irregular
Tremendous metaphysis(fraying,splaying,cupping)
Spur(metaphyseal)

🐝ROUND CELL TUMORS
"LEMON"
Leukemia,lymphoma
Ewing sarcoma,eosinophilic granuloma
Multiple myeloma
Osteomyelitis
Neuroblastoma

🐝FRAYED METAPHYSIS
"CHARMS"
Congenital infections(rubella,syphilis)
Hypophosphatasia
Achomdroplasia
Rickets
Metaphyseal dysostosis
Scurvy

🐝EPIPHYSEAL LESION
"CAGGIE"
Chondoblastoma
Aneurysmal bone cyst
Giant cell tumor
Geode
Infection
Eosinophilic granuloma

🐝DIPHYSEAL LESION
"Female"
Fibrous dysplasia
Eosinophilic granulom
Metastasis
Adamantinoma
Leukemia,lymphoma
Ewings sarcoma

🐝ERLENMEYER FLASK DEFORMITY
"TOP DOG"
Thalassemia
Osteopetrosis
Pyle disease
Diaphyseal aclasis
Ollier ds
Gaucher ds

🐝HEEL PAD THICKENING
"MAD COP"
Myxedema
Acromegaly
Dilanthin therapy
Callus
Obesity
Peripheral edema

🐝Occurance of bone centres at elbow:
"CRITOE"
Capitellum   1 year
Radial head  4 yr bybuy
Internal humeral epicondyl 7 yr
Trochlea 10 yr
Olecranon 10 yr
External humeral epicondyl 11 yr

High yield Facts- June

Number of bones - 206
Number of muscles - 639
Number of kidneys - 2
Number of milk teeth - 20
Number of ribs - 24 (12 pairs)
Number of chambers in the heart - 4
Largest artery - Aorta
Normal Blood pressure - 120 - 80
Ph of blood - 7.4
Number of vertebrae in the spine - 33
Number of vertebrae in the Neck - 7
No of bones in middle Ear - 6
Number of bones in Face - 14
Number of bones in Skull - 22
Number of bones in Chest - 25
Number of bones in Arms -
Number of bones in each human ear - 3
Number of muscles in the human arm - 72
Number of pumps in heart - 2
Largest organ - Skin
Largest gland - Liver
Smallest cell - Blood cell
Biggest cell - Egg cell (ovum)
Smallest bone - Stapes
First transplanted organ - Heart
Average length of small intestine - 7 m
Average length of large intestine - 1.5 m
Average weight of new born baby - 2.6 kg.
Pulse rate in one minute - 72 times
Body Temperature - 36.9o C (98.4o F)
Average blood volume - 4 - 5 liters
Average life of RBC - 120 days
Pregnancy period - 280 days
Number of bones in human foot - 33
Number of bones in each wrist - 8
Number of bones in hand - 27
Largest endocrine gland - Thyroid
Largest lymphatic organ - Spleen
Largest cell - Nerve cell
Largest part of brain - Cerebrum
Largest &amp; strongest bone - Femur
Smallest muscle - Stapedius (Middle ear )
Number of chromosomes in human cell - 46 (23
pairs)
Number of bones in New born body - 300
Largest muscle - Buttock (Gluteus Maximus)

100 important points

100 important points
1. Potassium is mainly regulated by - Aldosterone.
2. Tip of scapula at level – T7.
3. Oblique fissure of the lung at level - T3 to T6 Costochondral.
4. Decussating of medial lemniscuses - Internal Arcuate Fibers.
5. Superficial temporal artery relation with which nerve - Auriculotemporal nerve.
6. Correct about Thyroid gland - lymph drainage to deep cervical lymph nodes.
7. Anemic hypoxia occur in – Methemoglobulenemia.
8. In cerebral circulation brain arteries - Do not anastomose once entered in the brain (controvertial).
9. Phase 1 of transformation of drug metabolism – Oxidation.
10. Standard deviation shows - Variability of individual observation.
11. Counseling in patients is - To help themselves.
12. A young girl who is going to die and asks you “Am I going to die?” Doctor response should be – “What your parents have told you?”
13. In whole wheat – Thiamine.
14. Cholesterol enriched diet – Egg.
15. Origin of peroxisomes – SER.
16. Organelle where protein combines with carbohydrates, packed and released - Golgi complex.
17. Correct about DNA – Euchromatin is transcriptionally active.
18. ADPKD associated with – Renal failure (vs) Cerebral haemorrhage (controversial) here most probable Renal failure.
19. Cause of delay in healing – Infections.
20. PaO2 decreased, PCO2 increased, hydrogen ion increased; manifestation (looked like kind of COPD) – Hypoventilation.
21. PCO2 31, HCO3 19, pH increased (Metabolic alkalosis scenario) - Hyperventilation
22. Person with tachycardia, and heat intolerance with low level of TSH, on giving TRH; level of TSH and thyroid hormones increases. Diagnosis – Hyperthyroidism with thyroid problem.
23. Origin of oxytocin and ADH – Hypothalamus.
24. Difference between systemic and pulmonary circulation - Low resistance in pulmonary circulation.
25. Mean systemic filling pressure is regulated by - Venous return.
26. Systolic pressure is directly related to which one of the following – Renin.
27. ADH responds to – Osmolarity.
28. Osmoreceptors – ADH.
29. Right border of heart on X-ray also visible a part of – SVC.
30. In MI sensitive cardio marker – Tropinin T.
31. Diabetic nephropathy investigation - Urine albumin.
32. Young boy with generalized edema and proteinuria - Lesion of basement membrane.
33. Lesion of parasympathetic system affects mostly - GI muscles.
34. Stress hormone of our body - ACTH.
35. S2 sound heard on - Closure of aortic and pulmonary valve.
36. A patient with history hemorrhage (trauma) receives a bag stored for 2 weeks mainly contains – RBCs.
37. Due to inspiration – Decreased negative intrapleural pressure.
38. Important buffer of blood - HCO3-.
39. Max increase in ECF due to infusion of - Hypertonic NaCl.
40. Auscultation of tricuspid valve best heard at – Right lower end of the body of sternum.
41. GVE vagus nerve for preganglionic fiber arises from – Dorsal nucleus.
42. Thorn prick in left lower limb caused abscess - Staph aureus.
43. Diabetic female after abdominal surgery; dyspnea and cough - Pulmonary embolism.
44. MCC of pulmonary embolism – DVT.
45. Typhoid fever 1st week test – Blood culture
46. Typhoid fever 2nd week test – Blood culture and Widal test.
47. Typical feature of falciparum - Black water fever.
48. Alcoholic patient with deranged LFTs; on biopsy – Mallory bodies.
49. Councilman bodies seen in – Apoptosis.
50. Natural self-defense against tumors – Apoptosis.
51. P53 gene absent results in - cell survival.
52. Pain mediator - Bradykinins.
53. Metaplasia – Functional change in cells.
54. Female with infection of HPV, comes after 2 years, Pap smear shows prominent nucleoli and increased nucleus size – Dysplasia.
55. Gas exchange occur - Simple squamous epithelial layer.
56. Patient with granulomatous disease, biopsy done. Microscopic finding that suggests TB – Epitheloid cells.
57. The spindle fibers will decrease in discharge of impulses when - Muscle contracts (vs) When efferent gamma discharge occurs. (controversial) here most probable “muscle contracts”
58. Diagnosis for leprosy, initial investigation - Nasal scrapping.
59. Benign neoplasm – Adenoma.
60. 3 germ layers tumor – Teratoma.
61. When adrenalin release from medulla, causes vasodilation by acting on - Beta 2 adrenergic receptors.
62. Increased GFR and increased plasma flow occur due to - Dilation of afferent arteriole.
63. Charateristic of cerebellar lesion - Dymetria
64. Emax of a drug depends on – Efficacy
65. Study in which every person of a population has equal chances of being selected – Random sampling.
66. Amniocenthesis is done - After 14th weeks.
67. 1st response against acute inflammation in tissue – Macrophages.
68. In dark granules containing cells; IgE attaches to – Basophils.
69. Opsonization - C3b.
70. Exudate - more than 3g of proteins.
71. About active transport of drug all are true except - All drugs pass via active transport.
72. Pulmonary artery supply to – Alveoli.
73. Muscles of back innervated by - Dorsal rami.
74. In young boy dyspnea produced on lying - Retrosternal goiter.
75. Most important cause of bronchogenic cancer – Smoking.
76. Edema caused by - Increased hydrostatic pressure.
77. Edema caused by - Lymphatic blockage.
78. BP 210/180mmHg and creatinine 8% damaged part – Juxtaglomerular apparatus.
79. Female with blood group A, have 2 children; one with O and other with AB, blood group of father is – B.
80. Genetically true hermaphrodite – XX/XY.
81. DNA replication occur in – Interphase.
82. Glycogenolysis caused by deficiency of which hormone - Insulin
83. Investigation for liver amoebic abscess – Serology.
84. Surgery of submandibular gland; nerve damaged - marginal mandibular branch of facial.
85. On posterior surface of oblique and transversalis fascia - Arcuate line.
86. Aspirin overdose causes – Coma.
87. Cardiac output measurement via thermodilution – Temperature change downstream with CO.
88. Father with defective gene on one autosomal chromosome, develops disease later in his life; chances of getting disease in children – Half of the children will be affected.
89. If left circumflex artery occluded - Infarction of left atrium and left ventricle.
90. MCC of multiple fractures in adult – Osteoporosis.
91. Patient with fracture of many bones and low BP immediate treatment - Volume replacement.
92. Most common fracture of long bone - Tibia.
93. Collagen fibers – Eosin stain
94. Gamma efferent supply to – Intrafusal muscle spindles.
95. Micturition – Self generating.
96. Hallmark of HIV – Proliferation of virus in T-Cells.
97. 1g protein gives energy – 4 kcalories.
98. Isotonic and isometric contraction difference is that isotonic contraction – consumes more phosphate bond.
99. Autonomic nervous system – parasympathetic increase salivary secretion.
100. Protrusion of mandible – Lateral pterygoid.

Tests- High yield

1. Barberios test ? Semen.

2. schik test ? C. Diphtheria.

3. Dick test ? Scarlet Fever.

4. florence test ? Semen.

5. Gettler test ? Drowning.

6. Dermal nitrate test? Gun powder.

7. Benzedine test ? old blood Stain.

8. Guthrie test?  PKU.

9. Rothera test ? Ketone Bodies.

10 . For Dna test , which tissue sample is taken in  autopsy?
b. spleen

11. Confirmatory test for blood is ? Teichmann Test.

13. Marsh test ? Arsenic.

17. Gerhardts test? Ketone bodies in urine.

18.  Fouchets test/ Gmelin test  ?Bilirubin in Urine.

32. Casoni test ? Hydatis cyst.

33. Selivanoffs test ? Fructose in urine.

34. Xanthoproteic test ? Benzene Ring.

35 .Zwengers test ?Cholestrol.

40. Millons test?Phenol ( Tyrosine ).

41. Nitroprusside test ? Sulfhydryl test ( Cysteine).

42. Paulys test ?Imidazole ( Histidine ).

43. Sakaguchis test ? Guanidium (Arginine).

44. Ferric chloride test ?PKU.

37. Cyanide Nitroprusside test ? Homocystinuria.

38. A type of glucose tolerance test?
Exton Rose test.

39. Stengers test ? Malingering.

Gold standard tests

Gold standard method for estimating resting energy expenditure – indirect calorimetry

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Iron deficiency anemia – Estimation of serum Ferritin

Gold standard for proving that the life span of red cell is decreased ( useful in Hemolytic anemia) – Red cell survival study

Gold standard for evaluation of stem cell transplantation therapy – Hemopoietic stem cell transplantation

Gold standard technique for differentiating allograft rejection and reactivation of disease after heart transplantation – Endo-myocardial Biopsy

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of DVT – Contrast Venography

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of acute pharyngitis – Throat Culture

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of pertussis – Culture of nasopharyngeal secretions

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Otitisexterna caused by P. aeruginosa – Technetium99 bone scan

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Acoustic Neuroma – Gadolinium MRI

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Shigella infection – Isolation and identification of pathogen from fecal material

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Tuberculous meningitis – Culture of CSF

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of HSV Encephalitis – Brain biopsy (CSF PCR largely replaced brain biopsy in recent times)

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of histoplasmosis – Fungal Culture

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomypathy and atrialmyxoma – Echocardiogram

Gold standard investigation for imaging heart valves and valve motion abnormalities – 2D echocardiography

Gold standard investigation for assessment of Myocardial viability (Identification of ischemic or hibernating myocardium)– PET

Gold standard investigation for assessment of LV mass and volume – MRI

Gold standard method for evaluation of renal arteries and identification of renal artery lesions – Contrast arteriography

Gold standard method for evaluation of respiratory gas exchange – ABG

Gold standard investigation for assessment of albuminuria – 24 hr urine collection

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of PNH (Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria) – Flow cytometry

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of ATTR and other AF mutations – DNA sequencing

Gold standard method for identifying and quantifying atherosclerosis in cerebral arteries – X-ray cerebral angiography

Gold standard investigation for evaluating anatomy of arterio-venous malformation – X-ray angiography

Gold standard for diagnosis and classification of ataxia – genotype

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of of lung infection (Radiotherapy induced) in a cancer patient – open-lung biopsy

Gold standard medical treatment for symptomatic progressive pulmonary hypertension – Prostacyclin

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of PIH – Serum Urea

Gold standard for assessment of visual impairment – Snellen's chart

Gold standard method of treatment of non-castrate metastatic disease – surgical orchidectomy

Gold standard method for bacterial stain analysis – Pulse-field gel electrophoresis

Gold standard method of treatment of DCIS – Mastectomy

Gold standard approach for resection of anterior and middle mediastinal masses – median or lateral thoracotomy

Gold standard method of treatment of Coarctation of aorta – Surgical repair

Gold standard method for evaluation of coronary artery disease – Cardiac Catheterization

Gold standard method for culture of V. cholerae o139 – Conventional culture method

Gold standard to determine cut-off titer of widal test for diagnosis of Typhoid fever – Nested PCR

Gold standard treatment of brucellosis in adults – IM Streptomycin + Doxycyclin

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of of chronic arterial mesentric ischemia – Angiography

Gold standard method for treatment of chronic ulcerative colitis – Total proctocolostomy with end ileostomy

Gold standard method for evaluation of imaging modalities for liver tumors – Intraoperativeultrasonography

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of common bile duct stones – Endoscopic cholangiography

Gold standard investigation for measurement of GFR – Inulin clearance

Gold standard for treatment of organ confined, muscle invasive, bladder cancer is – Radical cystoprostatectomy in men and anterior pelvic exenteration in woman

Gold standard for treatment of femoral shaft fractures – Reamed locked intramedullary nailing

Gold standard method in case of difficult intubation – Flexible fibreoptic intubation scope

Gold standard method for diagnosis and treatment of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) – Broncho alveolar lavage

Gold standard treatment of hyperparathyroidism – Surgery

Gold standard investigation to differentiate follicular and papillary carcinoma of thyroid gland- Histology

Gold standard procedure for thymectomy – Trans cervical mediastinoscopy and surgery

Gold standard for treatment of adrenal tumors – Laparoscopic adrenalectomy

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of breast cancer – Mammography

Gold standard method for staging of breast cancer – Axillary lymph node dissection

Gold standard for evaluation of a stable patient with suspected vascular injury – Angiography

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of GERD – Ambulatory 24 hr PH monitoring

Gold standard method for treatment of GERD – LaparoccopicNissensfundoplication

Gold standard for evaluating cure rate in duodenal ulcer patients – Vagotomy

Gold standard finding for the diagnosis of GI perforation – Finding pneumoperitoneum

Gold standard for diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome – Serum gastrin levels( Most patients have serum gastrin levels above 1000pg/mL)

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of colonic mucosal disease – Colonoscopy

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of steatorrhoea – Timed quantitative stool fat determination

Gold standard method for treatment of incontinence with an isolated sphincter defect – Overlapping sphincteroplasty

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis and method of management of Acute arterial occlusion – Laparotomy

Gold standard method for confirmation of mesentric arterial occlusion – Mesentric angiography

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of celiac disease – Small intestine biopsy

Gold standard for identifying choledocholithiasis – ERCP

Gold standard method of treatment of Symptomatic cholelitiasis – Lap cholecystectomy

Gold standard method for diagnosis of Primary sclerosingcholangitis – ERCP

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Hepatitis C – HCV RNA assay

Gold standard test for diagnosis of intraluminal bile duct abnormalities – ERCP

Gold standard method for management of hydatid disease – Surgery

Gold standard for assessing degree of liver injury and fibrosis – Liver Biopsy

Gold standard method for management of blunt hepatic trauma – Non-operative management

Gold standard test for assessment of function of sphincter of oddi – Manometry

Gold standard investigation of diagnosis of Klatskin tumor – Cholangiography

Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of invasive amoebiasis – ELISA

Criteria & classifications

Criteria & classifications

A
Agatson score : CAD

Austin - kartush classification - middle ear risk index ( MERI)

Alanzolej classification : chloledochal cyst

Amsel's criteria: bacterial vaginosis

Ann Arbours staging: Hodgkin's lymphoma & Non Hodgkin's lymphoma

Ashbury criteria : GBS

Astler collar:colorectal cancer

B
Belthazar scoring : acute pancreatitis

Bent criteria : allergic fungal sinusitis

Butcher's criteria: Mesothelioma

Berlin's criteria : ARDS

Bismuth classification: tumors of hepatic ductal system

Bosniak classification : renal cyst

Broca's index : Ht in cms-100

Boreman classification : Gastric carcinoma

C
Child's Turcott pug score/MELD/PELD- Cirrhosis of liver

Chang staging: Medulloblastoma

cierney & millar classification : chronic osteomyelitis

Corpulence index : Actual wt/desired wt

Cottle's classification --> nasal septum

D
De meester criteria : GERD

Duke staging : colorectal cancer

Duke's criteria: Endocarditis/Heart failure

Durie salmon system of staging: Multiple myeloma

E
Epworth's criteria : Sleep apnea

Enneking's staging : Bone tumors

Evan's stagng: Neuroblastoma

F
Forrest classification: peptic ulcer bleed

Framminghams criteria/Boston's criteria: CHF

FAB: Leukemias

Fisch - glomus tumor

G
Glisson's staging: Prostrate

Gartland's classification: Supracondylar # Humerus

Glasgow Blatch ford score : Upper GI bleed for medical intervention

GOLD's criteria :COPD

Glassgow scale/Ransons criteria/APACHE score: Pancreatitis

H
Hess & Hunt Scale: subarachnoid hemorrhage

Hall's criteria : Down's syndrome

Harvard criteria : brainstem death

J
Jackson's staging:Penile Carcinoma

jones criteria.- Rheumatic fever

K
killip classification-MI with HF

L
LEEFORDT's classification : facial #

Light's criteria: pleural effusion

Lauren's classification: Gastric Ca

Levenson's criteria :- also in congenital cholesteatoma and malignant otitis externa

M
Mac afee protocol : Placenta previa

Mallampati scoring: for intubation

Milan's crjteria: for liver transplant in HCC

Mantrles criteria/Alvarado score: Appendicitis

Mayers n cottons grading system: Subglottic stenosis

Manson's classification: Radial head #

MASAOKA -Thymoma

MELD Criteria- model for end stage liver disease

Mc Donald's criteria: Multiple Sclerosis

MIDAS score : migraine

morry & peterson criteria -acute osteomyelitis

N
Neer's classification: supracondylar# femur

NADA's criteria: ASD assesment of child for heart disease

Nazer's Index: Wilsons disz

O
OKUDA staging : HCC

Oschner sherren regime : Appendicular Mass

P
Paget's Index : Abruptio placentae

paalman criteria  : Ectopic pregnancy

Pretext -Hepatoblastoma

Ponderal Index: ht in cm/cube root of body wt in kgs

Q
Quetlet index: BMI -wt in kg/ht in meter square

Quintero staging -TTTS

Quebeck's grading: severity of reflex

R
Reese Ellsworth - retinoblastoma (exam q)

Richertson bloom scoring : Breast ca.
Include
1.tubule formation
2.Mitotic index
3.Cell size(nuclear pleomorphism)

Robson's staging : RCC

Rye classification: Hodgkin's lymphoma

Rotterdam's criteria : Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Rockall scoring: adverse out come after GI bleed

Rule of wallace/Rule of 9: Burns

S
Seddon's classification: Nerve injury n regeneration

sernath staging -Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy

Stanford classification: Aortic dissection

SPIGELBREG criteria= OVARIAN ectopic

STUDDIFORD criteria= ABDOMINAL ectopic (pain)

Spalding's criteria: abdominal pregnancy

T
Todeni classification : chloledochal cyst

V
Van Nuys prognostic index : DCIS

W
Waterson criteria : TEF

Well's criteria: pulmonary embolism

Classifications

Important criterias & classifications in medical science:

1. Hall's criteria : Down's syndrome

2. Duke's criteria: Endocarditis/Heart failure

3. Butcher's criteria: Mesothelioma

4. Ann Arbours staging: Hodgkin's lymphoma & Non Hodgkin's lymphoma

5. Bismuth classification: tumors of hepatic ductal system

6. Nazer's Index: Wilsons disz

7. Paget's Index : Abruptio placentae

8. Quetlet index: BMI -wt in kg/ht in meter square

9. Ponderal Index: ht in cm/cube root of body wt in kgs

10. Broca's index : Ht in cms-100

11. Corpulence index : Actual wt/desired wt

12. Milan's crjteria: for liver transplant in HCC

13. Mayers n cottons grading system: Subglottic stenosis

14. Spalding's criteria: abdominal pregnancy

15. GCS/Ransons criteria/APACHE score: Pancreatitis

16. Enneking's staging : Bone tumors

17. Mc Donald's criteria: Multiple Sclerosis

18. Epworth's criteria : Sleep apnea

19. Framminghams criteria/Boston's criteria: CHF

20. Durie salmon system of staging: Multiple myeloma

21. Light's criteria: pleural effusion

22. GOLD's criteria :COPD

23. OKUDA staging : HCC

24. Child's Turcott pug score/MELD/PELD- Cirrhosis of liver

25. Mantrles criteria/Alvarado score: Appendicitis

26. Evan's stagng: Neuroblastoma

27. FAB: Leukemias

28. Glisson's staging: Prostrate

29. Robson's staging : RCC

30. NADA's criteria: ASD assesment of child for heart disz

31. Rye classification: Hodgkin's lymphoma

32. Chang staging: Medulloblastoma

33. Jackson's staging:Penile Carcinoma

34. Seddon's classification: Nerve injury n regeneration

35. Larren's classification: Gastric Ca

36. Neer's classification: supracondylar# femur

37. Gartland's classification: Supracondylar # Humerus

38. Amsel's criteria: bacterial vaginosis

39. Mallampati scoring: for intubation

40. Forrest classification: peptic ulcer bleed

41. Hess & Hunt Scale: subarachnoid hemorrhage

42. Duke staging : colorectal cancer

43. Rotterdam's criteria : Polycystic ovarian syndrome

44. LEEFORDT's classification : facial #

45. Well's criteria: pulmonary embolism

46. Rule of wallace/Rule of 9: Burns

47. Manson's classification: Radial head #

48. Stanford classification: Aortic dissection

49. Rockall scoring: adverse out come after GI bleed

50. Glasgow Blatch ford score : Upper GI bleed for medical intervention

Fishes in Medicine

Fish
Fish Hook pattern: Capillary arrangement in hemangiopericytoma
Fish Hook bladder: BPH
Fish Mouth: Cushing's
Fish Mouthed stenosis: MS (Also button hole)
Codfish vertebra: Osteoporosis
Fish Mouth vertebra: Sickle cell anemia
Fish Mouth/shark mouth valve: Ileo ceacal
Fish Tailing: Single edge stab injury
Fish net appearance: Pemphigus vulgaris on IF
Fish like skin: Ichthyosis vulgaris
Fish In stream appearance: V.cholera
School of red fish: H.ducreyi
Fish Tapeworm: Diphyllobothrium latum

Mnemonics

Microbiology Mnemonics

Meningitis: most common organisms NHS:
Neisseria meningitidis
Hemophilus Influenzae
Streptococcus pneumonia
·The cause of the most Severe meningitis isStreptococcus.
· Note: NHS is an acronym for National Health Service in several countries.

Syphilis vs. H. ducreyi (chancroid): which ulcer is painful
"In du-crey-i, you do cry (because it is painful)":
In H. ducreyi, the ulcer is painful, in syphilis the ulcer is painless.

Diphtheria toxin properties ABCDEF:
A/B-type toxin. Made by
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which binds to
EF-2 (elongation factor 2).

RNA viruses: negative stranded "Always Bring
Polymerase Or Fail Replication":
Arena
Bunya
Paramyxo
Orthomyxo
Filo
Rhabdo
· Note: Negative RNA viruses need there own polymerase.

Picorna viridae: members PEECoRnA (Picorna is
pronounced 'pee-corna')
Poliovirus
Echovirus
Enterovirus
Coronavirus
"R'novirus" (Rhinovirus)
Hepatitis A

Streptococcus pneumoniae: diseases causedCOMPS:
Conjunctivitis
Otitis media
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Sinusitis

Catalase positive organims SPACE:
Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas
Aspergillus
Candida
Enterobacter

Urease positive organisms PUNCH:
Proteus (leads to alkaline urine)
Ureaplasma (renal calculi)
Nocardia
Cryptoccocus (the fungus)
Helicobacter pylori

Vaccines: types STARK:
Subunit
Toxoid
Attenuated [live]
Recombinant
Killed [inactivated]

AIDS pathogens (T-cell suppression) worth knowing "The
Major Pathogens Concerning Complete T-Cell
Collapse":
Toxoplasma gondii
M. avium intracellulare
Pneumocystis carinii
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Tuberculosis
CMV
Cryptosporidium parvum

Tetanus: treatment for infection SAD RAT:
Sedation
Antitoxin
Debridement
Relaxant
Antibiotic
Tracheostomy

Placenta-crossing organisms/ antenatal InfectionsSTARCH:
Syphilis
Toxoplasmosis
AIDS (HIV)
Rubella
CMV
Herpes/ Hepatitis

Typhus: Epidemic Typhus: etiologic agent, vectorePidemic
typhus:
Etiological agent: Rickettsia Prowazekii.
Vector: Pediculus corporis (human body louse).
· This is in contrast to Endemic typhus.

Capsulated bacteria "Some Bacteria Have
An Effective Paste Surrounding Membrane Yielding
Pseudo Fort, Bypassing Killing":
Strep pneumonia
Bacteroides
H. influenza
Anthrax (B. anthracis)
E. coli
Pasteurella
Salmonella
Menigitidis (N. Menigitidis)
Yersinia pestis
Pseudomonas
Francisella
Brucella
Klebsiella

Hepatitis: transmission routes "Vowels arebowels":
Hepatitis A and E transmitted by fecal-oralroute.

Capsulated microbes "Some Nasty Killers
Have Some Capsule Protection":
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Klebsiella pnemoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Salmonella typhi
Cryptococcus neoformans
Pseudomanas aerigenosa

Pneumonia: causes: gram negative vs. gram positive Gram Negatives
(eg coliforms) are responsible mainly for Nosocomial pneumonia.
Gram positives (eg strep pneumonia, staph) are thus more responsible for
community acquired pneumonia.

Influenza infection: clinical manifestations"Having
Flu Symptoms Can Make Moaning Children
A Nightmare":
Headache
Fever
Sore throat
Chills
Myalgias
Malaise
Cough
Anorexia
Nasal congestion

UTI-causing microorganisms KEEPS:
Klebsiella
Enterococcus faecalis/ Enterobacter cloacae
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeroginosa/ Proteus mirabilis
Staphylococcus saprophyticcus/ Serratia marcescens

Psedomonas aeruginosa: features AERUGINOSA:
Aerobic
Exotoxin A
Rod/ Resistance
UTIs, burns, injuries
Green-blue dressings
Iron-containing lesions
Negative gram
Odor of grapes
Slime capsule sometimes (in CF pt)
Adherin pili

Toxoplasma gondii: manifestations "My Cat Eats
Mice":
Mononucleosis-like illness
Chorioretinits/ Congenital infection
Encephalitis
Myocarditis

Chlamydia: elementary vs. initial body locationElementary:
Extracellular
Initial: Intracellular

Trypanosoma brucei: disease caused "I went on aTRYP
to AFRICA":
TRYPanosoma brucei causes AFRICAn sleeping sickness

RNA enveloped viruses FORT ABC, Puerto Rico:
Flavivirus/ Filo
Orthomyxo
Retro
Toga
Arena
Bunya
Corona
Paramyxo
Rhabdo

Teratogens: placenta-crossing organismsToRCHeS:
Toxoplasma
Rubella
CMV
Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster (varicella), Hepatitis B,C,E
Syphilis
· Alternatively: TORCHES: with Others (parvo, listeria), add HIV
to H's, Enteroviruses.

E. coli: major subtypes, key point of each "HIT by E.
coli outbreak":
EnteroHemorrhagic:
· HUS from Hamburgers
EnteroInvasive:
· Immune-mediated Inflammation
EnteroToxigenic:
· Traveller's diarrhea

Obligate anaerobes: members worth knowingABC:
Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium

Common cold: viral causes "Common cold (acute infectious
rhinitis, coryza) is PRIMArily caused by":
Paramyxoviruses
Rhinoviruses
Influenza viruses
Myxoviruses
Adenoviruses

Streptococcus pyogenes: diseases causedNIPPLES:
Necrotising fasciitis and myositis
Impetigo
Pharyngitis
Pneumonia
Lymphangitis
Erysipelas and cellulitis
Scarlet fever/ Streptococcal TSS

Picornavirus: features PICORNAvirus:
Positive sense
ICOsahedral
RNAvirus

Neisseria: fermentation of N. gonorrhoeae vs. N. meningitidis
Gonorrhoeae: Glucose fermenter only.
MeninGitidis: Maltose and Glucose fermenter.
· Maltose fermentation is a useful property to know, since it's the classic test
to distinguish the Neisseria types.

RNA viruses: negative stranded "OrthodoxRhabbi's
Party Around Fine Bunnies":
Orthomyxo
Rhabdo
Paramyxo
Arena
Filo
Bunya

RNA viruses: positive stranded "Pico Called 
Flavio To Return Renzo's Corona":
Picorna
Calici
Flavi
Toga
Retro
Reo
Corona

Endocarditis: lab results suggesting it "High Tech
Lab Results Point At Endocarditis":
Hematuria
Thrombocytopenia
Leukocytosis, -penia
Red blood cell casta
Proteinuria
Anemia
Elevated ESR

Endocarditis: causes of culture negative endocarditis "With
Negative Tests, Investigators Should Focus 
Attention Somewhere Meaningful":
Wrong diagnosis
Noninfectious endocarditis
Timing (cultures drawn at end of chronic course)
obligate Intracellular organisms
Slow growing fastidious organisms
Fungal infection
Antibiotic used previously
Subacute right-sided endocarditis
Mural endocarditis

Endocarditis: indications for surgery PUS RIVER:
Prosthetic valve endocarditis (most cases)
Uncontrolled infection
Supporative local complications with conduction abnormalities
Resection of mycotic aneurysm
Ineffective antimicrobial therapy (eg Vs fungi)
Valvular damage (significant)
Embolization (repeated systemic)
Refractory congestive heart failure

Meningitis: risk factors "Can Induce Severe
Attacks Of Head PAINS":
Cancer
Immunocompromised state
Sinusitis
Age extremes
Otitis
Head trauma
Parameningeal infection
Alcoholism
Infections (systemic, esp. respiratory)
Neurosurgical procedures
Splenectomy

HIV infection: high-risk groups HIV:
Homosexuals/ Hemophiliacs
IVdrug abusers

Trichomaniasis: features · 5 F's:
Flagella
Frothy discharge
Fishy odor (sometimes)
Fornication (STD)
Flagyl (metronidazole) Rx

Nematodes: ones spreading by egg ingestion "ATE eggs":
Ascaris Lumbricoides
Trichuris trichuira
Enterobius vermicularis
spread by ingestion of eggs (vs skin invasion or insect bite)

Food poisoning: bugs inducing "EatingContaminated
Stuff Causes Very Big Smelly Vomit":
E. coli O157-H7 [undercooked meat, esp. hamburgers]
Clostridium botulinum [canned foods]
Salmonella [poultry, meat, eggs]
Vibrio parahaemolyticus [seafood]
Bacillus cereus [reheated rice]
Staphylococcus aureus [meats, mayo, custard]
Clostridium perfringens [reheated meat]
Vibrio vulnificus [seafood]

B19 virus: at-risk groups B19 affects 3 B's:
Babies (5th disease, infectiousum erythematosa)
Black Bleeders (sickle cell anemics - anaplastic anemic crisis)
Bearing Babies [pregnant women] (hydrops fetalis)

IgA protease-producing bacteria "Nice Strip ofHam":
Neisseria
Streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenza

Hemophilius: culture requirements Read Hemophilus as "HemoFive":
· Needs Heme with Factors Fiveand Ten.

DNA viruses: morphology rule of thumb DNA:
Double-stranded
Nuclear replication
'Anhedral symmetry
· Rule breakers: pox (cytoplasmic), parvo (single-stranded).

Streptococcus pyogenes: virulence factorsSMASHED:
Streptolysins
M protein
Anti-C5a peptidase
Streptokinase
Hyaluronidase
Exotoxin
DNAses

Gram positive stain Gram Positives
Stain Purple (violet-blue)
because of their thick Peptidoglycan layer

Gram+: bacterial cell wall · Gram+ has:
+hick pepidoglycan layer.
+eichoic acid in wall.

Listeria: motility Istanbul sounds like Listambul =
list + tumble.
Listeria has tumblingmotility.

Staphylococci: novobiocin test to distinguish coagulase negative
staphylococci Staph epidermidis stays away from the novobiocin
disc like an epidemic.
· Therefore, epidermidis is sensitive to novobiocin.
Staph saprophyticus, much friendlier, comes up to the disc and says, "'sap?'"
[short for "whassup?", ie "what's up"].
· Therefore, saprophyticus is novobiocin resistant.

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: classic presentation
"Sore throat, Face bloat, Pi$$ coke":
Sore throat: 1 week ago
Face bloat: facial edema
Pi$$ coke: coke-coloured urine
· Alternatively, short version: "Throat, bloat andcoke".

Streptococci: classification by hemolytic abilityGamma:
Garbage (no hemolytic activity).
Alpha: Almost (almost lyse, but incomplete).
Beta: Best (complete lysis).

Streptococci: Quellung reaction: positive sign, Strep type confirmed
"Quell-lung":
Quell: Capsules swell [+ve test].
Lung: S. pnuemonia [type confirmed].
· You get pneumonia in your lung.

E. coli: diseases caused in presence of virulence factors 
DUNG:
Diarrhea
UTI
Neonatal meningitis
Gram negative sepsis
· Dung, since contract E. coli from dung-contaminated water.

Streptococcus pyrogenes: antibody SPAM:
Streptococcus Pyogenes: Antibody to Mprotein.

Staphylococcus aureus: diseases caused SOFT PAINS:
Skin infections
Osteomyelitis
Food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome
Pneumonia
Acute endocarditis
Infective arthritis
Necrotizing fasciitis
Sepsis

Gram staining: mechanism "Murein gets the red out" [Allusion
to an old eye-wash slogan]:
Peptidoglycan (aka murein) remains purple during Gram staining. The Gram
negatives, devoid of murein, are red.
Thus, murein prevents redness and are purple (positive).

Entameoba histolytica: disease caused, actionEntAmoeba
causes Amoebic dysEntery.
Action: histo (cell) lytic (burst), so it bursts cells.

Clostridium difficile: disease caused "Difficult to
be in a Closet with someone having explosive foul smelling
diarrhea, because it would smell and there would beno air in there.
Clostridium Difficile causes explosive foul smelling diarrhea
and is an anaeorbe (no air).

Pneumonia: acute pneumonia infiltrates from different causes
"Pyrogenic=PMN, Miscellaneous=Mononuclear":
Acute pneumonia caused by Pyogenic bacteria: PMN infiltrate.
Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes: Mononuclear
infiltrate.

Klebsiella details You tell the patient: "Get UPS you
fat alcoholic":
UTI
Pneumonia
Sepsis
Fat capsule
Get up=nonmotile since no flagella.
Alcoholic=commonly seen in alcoholicand nosocomial patients.

Pseudomonas details · See diagram of patient.
Patient: bug commonly infects nosocomial.
Oxygen tank: oxidase positive.
IV bag: has glucose and lactose, so its OK to give because its a nonlactose
fermenter.
Why giving oxygen? Because it commonly caused pneumonia.
IV in the arm: supposed to signify sepsis.
The foley: UTI.
Burn on his foot: can infect burns.

Leprosy: early signs diagnostic criteria "LEProsy":
Loss of sensation in affected skin/ Loss of function (paralysis)
Enlargement of affected superficial nerves (tender too)
Positive identification of M. leprae under microscope

Kidney transplant virus "Borrowed Kidney":
BKvirus is associated with kidney transplants.

Endotoxin features ENDOTOXIN:
Endothelial cells/ Edema
Negative (gram- bacteria)
DIC/ Death
Outer membrane
TNF
O-antigen
X-tremely heat stable
IL-1
Nitric oxide/ Neutrophil chemotaxis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: culture identification "Rough,
Tough, Buff":
Rough: colony isn't smooth but rough like breadcrumbs.
Tough: colony stuck to plate well, and tough to remove.
Buff: buff is a color, a cream/coffee shade.

Vibrio: motility "Vibrio Vibrates":
Vibrio is a genus of actively motile bacteria.

           -  Regards.
               AdminMicrobiology Mnemonics

 

 

Meningitis: most common organisms NHS:
Neisseria meningitidis
Hemophilus Influenzae
Streptococcus pneumonia
·The cause of the most Severe meningitis isStreptococcus.
· Note: NHS is an acronym for National Health Service in several countries.

Syphilis vs. H. ducreyi (chancroid): which ulcer is painful
"In du-crey-i, you do cry (because it is painful)":
In H. ducreyi, the ulcer is painful, in syphilis the ulcer is painless.

Diphtheria toxin properties ABCDEF:
A/B-type toxin. Made by
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which binds to
EF-2 (elongation factor 2).

RNA viruses: negative stranded "Always Bring
Polymerase Or Fail Replication":
Arena
Bunya
Paramyxo
Orthomyxo
Filo
Rhabdo
· Note: Negative RNA viruses need there own polymerase.

Picorna viridae: members PEECoRnA (Picorna is
pronounced 'pee-corna')
Poliovirus
Echovirus
Enterovirus
Coronavirus
"R'novirus" (Rhinovirus)
Hepatitis A

Streptococcus pneumoniae: diseases causedCOMPS:
Conjunctivitis
Otitis media
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Sinusitis

Catalase positive organims SPACE:
Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas
Aspergillus
Candida
Enterobacter

Urease positive organisms PUNCH:
Proteus (leads to alkaline urine)
Ureaplasma (renal calculi)
Nocardia
Cryptoccocus (the fungus)
Helicobacter pylori

Vaccines: types STARK:
Subunit
Toxoid
Attenuated [live]
Recombinant
Killed [inactivated]

AIDS pathogens (T-cell suppression) worth knowing "The
Major Pathogens Concerning Complete T-Cell
Collapse":
Toxoplasma gondii
M. avium intracellulare
Pneumocystis carinii
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Tuberculosis
CMV
Cryptosporidium parvum

Tetanus: treatment for infection SAD RAT:
Sedation
Antitoxin
Debridement
Relaxant
Antibiotic
Tracheostomy

Placenta-crossing organisms/ antenatal InfectionsSTARCH:
Syphilis
Toxoplasmosis
AIDS (HIV)
Rubella
CMV
Herpes/ Hepatitis

Typhus: Epidemic Typhus: etiologic agent, vectorePidemic
typhus:
Etiological agent: Rickettsia Prowazekii.
Vector: Pediculus corporis (human body louse).
· This is in contrast to Endemic typhus.

Capsulated bacteria "Some Bacteria Have
An Effective Paste Surrounding Membrane Yielding
Pseudo Fort, Bypassing Killing":
Strep pneumonia
Bacteroides
H. influenza
Anthrax (B. anthracis)
E. coli
Pasteurella
Salmonella
Menigitidis (N. Menigitidis)
Yersinia pestis
Pseudomonas
Francisella
Brucella
Klebsiella

Hepatitis: transmission routes "Vowels arebowels":
Hepatitis A and E transmitted by fecal-oralroute.

Capsulated microbes "Some Nasty Killers
Have Some Capsule Protection":
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Klebsiella pnemoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Salmonella typhi
Cryptococcus neoformans
Pseudomanas aerigenosa

Pneumonia: causes: gram negative vs. gram positive Gram Negatives
(eg coliforms) are responsible mainly for Nosocomial pneumonia.
Gram positives (eg strep pneumonia, staph) are thus more responsible for
community acquired pneumonia.

Influenza infection: clinical manifestations"Having
Flu Symptoms Can Make Moaning Children
A Nightmare":
Headache
Fever
Sore throat
Chills
Myalgias
Malaise
Cough
Anorexia
Nasal congestion

UTI-causing microorganisms KEEPS:
Klebsiella
Enterococcus faecalis/ Enterobacter cloacae
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeroginosa/ Proteus mirabilis
Staphylococcus saprophyticcus/ Serratia marcescens

Psedomonas aeruginosa: features AERUGINOSA:
Aerobic
Exotoxin A
Rod/ Resistance
UTIs, burns, injuries
Green-blue dressings
Iron-containing lesions
Negative gram
Odor of grapes
Slime capsule sometimes (in CF pt)
Adherin pili

Toxoplasma gondii: manifestations "My Cat Eats
Mice":
Mononucleosis-like illness
Chorioretinits/ Congenital infection
Encephalitis
Myocarditis

Chlamydia: elementary vs. initial body locationElementary:
Extracellular
Initial: Intracellular

Trypanosoma brucei: disease caused "I went on aTRYP
to AFRICA":
TRYPanosoma brucei causes AFRICAn sleeping sickness

RNA enveloped viruses FORT ABC, Puerto Rico:
Flavivirus/ Filo
Orthomyxo
Retro
Toga
Arena
Bunya
Corona
Paramyxo
Rhabdo

Teratogens: placenta-crossing organismsToRCHeS:
Toxoplasma
Rubella
CMV
Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster (varicella), Hepatitis B,C,E
Syphilis
· Alternatively: TORCHES: with Others (parvo, listeria), add HIV
to H's, Enteroviruses.

E. coli: major subtypes, key point of each "HIT by E.
coli outbreak":
EnteroHemorrhagic:
· HUS from Hamburgers
EnteroInvasive:
· Immune-mediated Inflammation
EnteroToxigenic:
· Traveller's diarrhea

Obligate anaerobes: members worth knowingABC:
Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium

Common cold: viral causes "Common cold (acute infectious
rhinitis, coryza) is PRIMArily caused by":
Paramyxoviruses
Rhinoviruses
Influenza viruses
Myxoviruses
Adenoviruses

Streptococcus pyogenes: diseases causedNIPPLES:
Necrotising fasciitis and myositis
Impetigo
Pharyngitis
Pneumonia
Lymphangitis
Erysipelas and cellulitis
Scarlet fever/ Streptococcal TSS

Picornavirus: features PICORNAvirus:
Positive sense
ICOsahedral
RNAvirus

Neisseria: fermentation of N. gonorrhoeae vs. N. meningitidis
Gonorrhoeae: Glucose fermenter only.
MeninGitidis: Maltose and Glucose fermenter.
· Maltose fermentation is a useful property to know, since it's the classic test
to distinguish the Neisseria types.

RNA viruses: negative stranded "OrthodoxRhabbi's
Party Around Fine Bunnies":
Orthomyxo
Rhabdo
Paramyxo
Arena
Filo
Bunya

RNA viruses: positive stranded "Pico Called 
Flavio To Return Renzo's Corona":
Picorna
Calici
Flavi
Toga
Retro
Reo
Corona

Endocarditis: lab results suggesting it "High Tech
Lab Results Point At Endocarditis":
Hematuria
Thrombocytopenia
Leukocytosis, -penia
Red blood cell casta
Proteinuria
Anemia
Elevated ESR

Endocarditis: causes of culture negative endocarditis "With
Negative Tests, Investigators Should Focus 
Attention Somewhere Meaningful":
Wrong diagnosis
Noninfectious endocarditis
Timing (cultures drawn at end of chronic course)
obligate Intracellular organisms
Slow growing fastidious organisms
Fungal infection
Antibiotic used previously
Subacute right-sided endocarditis
Mural endocarditis

Endocarditis: indications for surgery PUS RIVER:
Prosthetic valve endocarditis (most cases)
Uncontrolled infection
Supporative local complications with conduction abnormalities
Resection of mycotic aneurysm
Ineffective antimicrobial therapy (eg Vs fungi)
Valvular damage (significant)
Embolization (repeated systemic)
Refractory congestive heart failure

Meningitis: risk factors "Can Induce Severe
Attacks Of Head PAINS":
Cancer
Immunocompromised state
Sinusitis
Age extremes
Otitis
Head trauma
Parameningeal infection
Alcoholism
Infections (systemic, esp. respiratory)
Neurosurgical procedures
Splenectomy

HIV infection: high-risk groups HIV:
Homosexuals/ Hemophiliacs
IVdrug abusers

Trichomaniasis: features · 5 F's:
Flagella
Frothy discharge
Fishy odor (sometimes)
Fornication (STD)
Flagyl (metronidazole) Rx

Nematodes: ones spreading by egg ingestion "ATE eggs":
Ascaris Lumbricoides
Trichuris trichuira
Enterobius vermicularis
spread by ingestion of eggs (vs skin invasion or insect bite)

Food poisoning: bugs inducing "EatingContaminated
Stuff Causes Very Big Smelly Vomit":
E. coli O157-H7 [undercooked meat, esp. hamburgers]
Clostridium botulinum [canned foods]
Salmonella [poultry, meat, eggs]
Vibrio parahaemolyticus [seafood]
Bacillus cereus [reheated rice]
Staphylococcus aureus [meats, mayo, custard]
Clostridium perfringens [reheated meat]
Vibrio vulnificus [seafood]

B19 virus: at-risk groups B19 affects 3 B's:
Babies (5th disease, infectiousum erythematosa)
Black Bleeders (sickle cell anemics - anaplastic anemic crisis)
Bearing Babies [pregnant women] (hydrops fetalis)

IgA protease-producing bacteria "Nice Strip ofHam":
Neisseria
Streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenza

Hemophilius: culture requirements Read Hemophilus as "HemoFive":
· Needs Heme with Factors Fiveand Ten.

DNA viruses: morphology rule of thumb DNA:
Double-stranded
Nuclear replication
'Anhedral symmetry
· Rule breakers: pox (cytoplasmic), parvo (single-stranded).

Streptococcus pyogenes: virulence factorsSMASHED:
Streptolysins
M protein
Anti-C5a peptidase
Streptokinase
Hyaluronidase
Exotoxin
DNAses

Gram positive stain Gram Positives
Stain Purple (violet-blue)
because of their thick Peptidoglycan layer

Gram+: bacterial cell wall · Gram+ has:
+hick pepidoglycan layer.
+eichoic acid in wall.

Listeria: motility Istanbul sounds like Listambul =
list + tumble.
Listeria has tumblingmotility.

Staphylococci: novobiocin test to distinguish coagulase negative
staphylococci Staph epidermidis stays away from the novobiocin
disc like an epidemic.
· Therefore, epidermidis is sensitive to novobiocin.
Staph saprophyticus, much friendlier, comes up to the disc and says, "'sap?'"
[short for "whassup?", ie "what's up"].
· Therefore, saprophyticus is novobiocin resistant.

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: classic presentation
"Sore throat, Face bloat, Pi$$ coke":
Sore throat: 1 week ago
Face bloat: facial edema
Pi$$ coke: coke-coloured urine
· Alternatively, short version: "Throat, bloat andcoke".

Streptococci: classification by hemolytic abilityGamma:
Garbage (no hemolytic activity).
Alpha: Almost (almost lyse, but incomplete).
Beta: Best (complete lysis).

Streptococci: Quellung reaction: positive sign, Strep type confirmed
"Quell-lung":
Quell: Capsules swell [+ve test].
Lung: S. pnuemonia [type confirmed].
· You get pneumonia in your lung.

E. coli: diseases caused in presence of virulence factors 
DUNG:
Diarrhea
UTI
Neonatal meningitis
Gram negative sepsis
· Dung, since contract E. coli from dung-contaminated water.

Streptococcus pyrogenes: antibody SPAM:
Streptococcus Pyogenes: Antibody to Mprotein.

Staphylococcus aureus: diseases caused SOFT PAINS:
Skin infections
Osteomyelitis
Food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome
Pneumonia
Acute endocarditis
Infective arthritis
Necrotizing fasciitis
Sepsis

Gram staining: mechanism "Murein gets the red out" [Allusion
to an old eye-wash slogan]:
Peptidoglycan (aka murein) remains purple during Gram staining. The Gram
negatives, devoid of murein, are red.
Thus, murein prevents redness and are purple (positive).

Entameoba histolytica: disease caused, actionEntAmoeba
causes Amoebic dysEntery.
Action: histo (cell) lytic (burst), so it bursts cells.

Clostridium difficile: disease caused "Difficult to
be in a Closet with someone having explosive foul smelling
diarrhea, because it would smell and there would beno air in there.
Clostridium Difficile causes explosive foul smelling diarrhea
and is an anaeorbe (no air).

Pneumonia: acute pneumonia infiltrates from different causes
"Pyrogenic=PMN, Miscellaneous=Mononuclear":
Acute pneumonia caused by Pyogenic bacteria: PMN infiltrate.
Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes: Mononuclear
infiltrate.

Klebsiella details You tell the patient: "Get UPS you
fat alcoholic":
UTI
Pneumonia
Sepsis
Fat capsule
Get up=nonmotile since no flagella.
Alcoholic=commonly seen in alcoholicand nosocomial patients.

Pseudomonas details · See diagram of patient.
Patient: bug commonly infects nosocomial.
Oxygen tank: oxidase positive.
IV bag: has glucose and lactose, so its OK to give because its a nonlactose
fermenter.
Why giving oxygen? Because it commonly caused pneumonia.
IV in the arm: supposed to signify sepsis.
The foley: UTI.
Burn on his foot: can infect burns.

Leprosy: early signs diagnostic criteria "LEProsy":
Loss of sensation in affected skin/ Loss of function (paralysis)
Enlargement of affected superficial nerves (tender too)
Positive identification of M. leprae under microscope

Kidney transplant virus "Borrowed Kidney":
BKvirus is associated with kidney transplants.

Endotoxin features ENDOTOXIN:
Endothelial cells/ Edema
Negative (gram- bacteria)
DIC/ Death
Outer membrane
TNF
O-antigen
X-tremely heat stable
IL-1
Nitric oxide/ Neutrophil chemotaxis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: culture identification "Rough,
Tough, Buff":
Rough: colony isn't smooth but rough like breadcrumbs.
Tough: colony stuck to plate well, and tough to remove.
Buff: buff is a color, a cream/coffee shade.

Vibrio: motility "Vibrio Vibrates":
Vibrio is a genus of actively motile bacteria.

Fishes

MEDICINAL FISHES:

1.fish mouth vertebra-sickle cell anemia, homocystinuria

2.fish eye disease-LCAT deficiency

3.fish tank granuloma- mycobacteria marinum

4.school of fish appearance- h.ducreyi

5.fish in stream appearance- v.cholera

6.fishy smell in culture-proteus

7.fish hook bladder- BPH

8.rotten fish urine odour- trimethylaminuria

9.fish net pattern of corneal subepithelial deposit in- Reis bucker corneal dystrophy

10. Immunoflorescence fish net pattern- pemphigus vulgaris

11.skin looking like fishy scales- icthyosis

12.fish poor source of-carbohydrates

13 world most venomous animal-box jelly fish

14. mc fish poisoning- ciguatera

15. type of anemia caused by fish tapeworm- megaloblastic anemia

16 FISHer grading- SAH 

17. richest source of-vit A,D,proteins,ca,P,fluorides

18.good source of-Iron

19.world fisheries day-nov 21

20.valve with shark mouth appearance-ileocecal valve

Criteria and Classification

Criteria & classifications

A
Agatson score : CAD

Austin - kartush classification - middle ear risk index ( MERI)

Alanzolej classification : chloledochal cyst

Amsel's criteria: bacterial vaginosis

Ann Arbours staging: Hodgkin's lymphoma & Non Hodgkin's lymphoma

Ashbury criteria : GBS

Astler collar:colorectal cancer

B
Belthazar scoring : acute pancreatitis

Bent criteria : allergic fungal sinusitis

Butcher's criteria: Mesothelioma

Berlin's criteria : ARDS

Bismuth classification: tumors of hepatic ductal system

Bosniak classification : renal cyst

Broca's index : Ht in cms-100

Boreman classification : Gastric carcinoma

C
Child's Turcott pug score/MELD/PELD- Cirrhosis of liver

Chang staging: Medulloblastoma

cierney & millar classification : chronic osteomyelitis

Corpulence index : Actual wt/desired wt

Cottle's classification --> nasal septum

D
De meester criteria : GERD

Duke staging : colorectal cancer

Duke's criteria: Endocarditis/Heart failure

Durie salmon system of staging: Multiple myeloma

E
Epworth's criteria : Sleep apnea

Enneking's staging : Bone tumors

Evan's stagng: Neuroblastoma

F
Forrest classification: peptic ulcer bleed

Framminghams criteria/Boston's criteria: CHF

FAB: Leukemias

Fisch - glomus tumor

G
Glisson's staging: Prostrate

Gartland's classification: Supracondylar # Humerus

Glasgow Blatch ford score : Upper GI bleed for medical intervention

GOLD's criteria :COPD

Glassgow scale/Ransons criteria/APACHE score: Pancreatitis

H
Hess & Hunt Scale: subarachnoid hemorrhage

Hall's criteria : Down's syndrome

Harvard criteria : brainstem death

J
Jackson's staging:Penile Carcinoma

jones criteria.- Rheumatic fever

K
killip classification-MI with HF

L
LEEFORDT's classification : facial #

Light's criteria: pleural effusion

Lauren's classification: Gastric Ca

Levenson's criteria :- also in congenital cholesteatoma and malignant otitis externa

M
Mac afee protocol : Placenta previa

Mallampati scoring: for intubation

Milan's crjteria: for liver transplant in HCC

Mantrles criteria/Alvarado score: Appendicitis

Mayers n cottons grading system: Subglottic stenosis

Manson's classification: Radial head #

MASAOKA -Thymoma

MELD Criteria- model for end stage liver disease

Mc Donald's criteria: Multiple Sclerosis

MIDAS score : migraine

morry & peterson criteria -acute osteomyelitis

N
Neer's classification: supracondylar# femur

NADA's criteria: ASD assesment of child for heart disease

Nazer's Index: Wilsons disz

O
OKUDA staging : HCC

Oschner sherren regime : Appendicular Mass

P
Paget's Index : Abruptio placentae

paalman criteria : Ectopic pregnancy

Pretext -Hepatoblastoma

Ponderal Index: ht in cm/cube root of body wt in kgs

Q
Quetlet index: BMI -wt in kg/ht in meter square

Quintero staging -TTTS

Quebeck's grading: severity of reflex

R
Richertson bloom scoring : Breast ca.
Include
1.tubule formation
2.Mitotic index
3.Cell size(nuclear pleomorphism)

Robson's staging : RCC

Rye classification: Hodgkin's lymphoma

Rotterdam's criteria : Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Rockall scoring: adverse out come after GI bleed

Rule of wallace/Rule of 9: Burns

S
Seddon's classification: Nerve injury n regeneration

sernath staging -Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy

Stanford classification: Aortic dissection

SPIGELBREG criteria= OVARIAN ectopic

STUDDIFORD criteria= ABDOMINAL ectopic (pain)

Spalding's criteria: abdominal pregnancy

T
Todeni classification : chloledochal cyst

V
Van Nuys prognostic index : DCIS

W
Waterson criteria : TEF

Well's criteria: pulmonary embolism

wright & moll classification - psoriatic arthritis