MCQs on Immunoglobulins

Only heat labile.immunoglobulin?-igE
Maximum concentration ig?-igG
Maximum weight?igM
Lowest weight?igG
Lowesr concentration?igE
Maximum intravascular ig?-igM
Maximum extraravascular ig?-igA

Microbiology mnemonics

Some mnemonics from Microbiology

Streptococcus pyogenes: diseases caused
NIPPLES:

Necrotising fasciitis and myositis
Impetigo
Pharyngitis
Pneumonia
Lymphangitis
Erysipelas and cellulitis

Scarlet fever/ Streptococcal TS
Streptococcus pyogenes: virulence factors
SMASHED:
Streptolysins
M protein
Anti-C5a peptidase
Streptokinase
Hyaluronidase
Exotoxin
DNAses

Hepatitis: transmission routes
"Vowels are bowels":
Hepatitis A and E transmitted by fecal-oral route.

B19 virus: at-risk groups
B19 affects 3 B's:
Babies (5th disease, infectiousum erythematosa)
Black Bleeders (sickle cell anemics - anaplastic anemic crisis)
Bearing Babies [pregnant women] (hydrops fetalis

Vibrio: motility
"Vibrio Vibrates":
Vibrio is a genus of actively motile bacteria.

Endotoxin features
ENDOTOXIN:
Endothelial cells/ Edema
Negative (gram- bacteria)
DIC/ Death          
Outer membrane
TNF
O-antigen
X-tremely heat stable
IL-1
Nitric oxide/ Neutrophil chemotaxis

Teratogens: placenta-crossing organisms
ToRCHeS:
Toxoplasma
Rubella
CMV
Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster (varicella), Hepatitis B,C,E
Syphilis
· Alternatively: TORCHES: with Others (parvo, listeria), add HIV to H's, Enteroviruses.

Gram+: bacterial cell wall
· Gram+ has:
+hick pepidoglycan layer.
+eichoic acid in wall.

RNA viruses: negative stranded
"Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication":
Arena
Bunya
Paramyxo
Orthomyxo
Filo
Rhabdo
· Note: Negative RNA viruses need there own polymerase.

Staphylococcus aureus: diseases caused
SOFT PAINS:
Skin infections
Osteomyelitis
Food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome
Pneumonia
Acute endocarditis
Infective arthritis
Necrotizing fasciitis
Sepsis

RNA enveloped viruses
FORT ABC, Puerto Rico:
Flavivirus/ Filo
Orthomyxo
Retro
Toga
Arena
Bunya
Corona
Paramyxo
Rhabdo

Neisseria: fermentation of N. gonorrhoeae vs. N. meningitidis
Gonorrhoeae: Glucose fermenter only.
MeninGitidis: Maltose and Glucose fermenter.
· Maltose fermentation is a useful property to know, since it's the classic test to distinguish the Neisseria types.

Streptococci: classification by hemolytic ability
Gamma: Garbage (no hemolytic activity).
Alpha: Almost (almost lyse, but incomplete).
Beta: Best (complete lysis).

Syphilis vs. H. ducreyi (chancroid): which ulcer is painful
"In du-crey-i, you do cry (because it is painful)":
In H. ducreyi, the ulcer is painful, in syphilis the ulcer is painless.

Picornavirus: features
PICORNAvirus:
Positive sense
ICOsahedral
RNA virus

IgA protease-producing bacteria
"Nice Strip of Ham":
Neisseria
Streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenza

E. coli: diseases caused in presence of virulence factors
DUNG:
Diarrhea
UTI
Neonatal meningitis
Gram negative sepsis
· Dung, since contract E. coli from dung-contaminated water.

Meningitis: risk factors
"Can Induce Severe Attacks Of Head PAINS":
Cancer
Immunocompromised state
Sinusitis
Age extremes
Otitis
Head trauma
Parameningeal infection
Alcoholism
Infections (systemic, esp. respiratory)
Neurosurgical procedures
Splenectomy

Klebsiella
You tell the patient: "Get UPS you fat alcoholic":
UTI
Pneumonia
Sepsis
Fat capsule
Get up=nonmotile since no flagella.
Alcoholic=commonly seen in alcoholic and nosocomial patients

Urease positive organisms
PUNCH:
Proteus (leads to alkaline urine)
Ureaplasma (renal calculi)
Nocardia
Cryptoccocus (the fungus)
Helicobacter pylori

Capsulated bacteria
"Some Bacteria Have An Effective Paste Surrounding Membrane Yielding Pseudo Fort, Bypassing Killing":
Strep pneumonia
Bacteroides
H. influenza
Anthrax (B. anthracis)
E. coli
Pasteurella
Salmonella
Menigitidis (N. Menigitidis)
Yersinia pestis
Pseudomonas
Francisella
Brucella
Klebsiella

Toxoplasma gondii: clinical features
Cat reservoir: a cat.
Bug name is Gondii: cat has a Gandi head.
Cat fecal origin: cat is in the litter box.
Causes brain infection, diagnosed by CAT scan: a "CAT" scan of Gandi's brain.
Toxic to eyes: Gandi has cat eyes.
Lymph nodes enlarged: large nodes around neck.
Affects fetus: small kitten in womb.
AIDS patient commonly: cat is very skinny, like an AIDS patient.

DNA viruses: morphology rule of thumb
DNA:
Double-stranded
Nuclear replication
'Anhedral symmetry
· Rule breakers: pox (cytoplasmic), parvo (single-stranded).

Picorna viridae: members
PEECoRnA (Picorna is pronounced 'pee-corna')
Poliovirus
Echovirus
Enterovirus
Coronavirus
"R'novirus" (Rhinovirus)
Hepatitis A

Proteus: disease caused
Firstly, "PROTeus hates PROTons":
So what does it do to fight the protons? It has a urease that raises the pH.
Urea is in urine, so Proteus causes UTIs.

Diphtheria toxin properties
ABCDEF:
A/B-type toxin. Made by
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which binds to
EF-2 (elongation factor 2).

Common cold: viral causes
"Common cold (acute infectious rhinitis, coryza) is PRIMArily caused by":
Paramyxoviruses
Rhinoviruses
Influenza viruses
Myxoviruses
Adenoviruses

Placenta-crossing organisms/ antenatal Infections
STARCH:
Syphilis
Toxoplasmosis
AIDS (HIV)
Rubella
CMV
Herpes/ Hepatitis

Toxoplasma gondii: manifestations
"My Cat Eats Mice":
Mononucleosis-like illness
Chorioretinits/ Congenital infection
Encephalitis
Myocarditis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: culture identification

"Rough, Tough, Buff":
Rough: colony isn't smooth but rough like breadcrumbs.
Tough: colony stuck to plate well, and tough to remove.
Buff: buff is a color, a cream/coffee shade.

Staphylococci: novobiocin test to distinguish coagulase negative staphylococci
Staph epidermidis stays away from the novobiocin disc like an epidemic.
· Therefore, epidermidis is sensitive to novobiocin.
Staph saprophyticus, much friendlier, comes up to the disc and says, "'sap?'" [short for "whassup?", ie "what's up"].
· Therefore, saprophyticus is novobiocin resistant.

Tetanus: treatment for infection
SAD RAT:
Sedation
Antitoxin
Debridement
Relaxant
Antibiotic
Tracheostomy

Streptococci: Quellung reaction: positive sign, Strep type confirmed
"Quell-lung":
Quell: Capsules swell [+ve test].
Lung: S. pnuemonia [type confirmed].
· You get pneumonia in your lung.

Entameoba histolytica: disease caused, action
EntAmoeba causes Amoebic dysEntery.
Action: histo (cell) lytic (burst), so it bursts cells.

Pneumonia: causes: gram negative vs. gram positive
Gram Negatives (eg coliforms) are responsible mainly for Nosocomial pneumonia.
Gram positives (eg strep pneumonia, staph) are thus more responsible for community acquired pneumonia.

Trypanosoma brucei: disease caused
"I went on a TRYP to AFRICA":
TRYPanosoma brucei causes AFRICAn sleeping sickness.
Trichomaniasis: features
· 5 F's:
Flagella
Frothy discharge
Fishy odor (sometimes)
Fornication (STD)
Flagyl (metronidazole) Rx

Obligate anaerobes: members worth knowing
ABC:
Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium

Hemophilius: culture requirements
Read Hemophilus as "HemoFive":
· Needs Heme with Factors Five and Ten.

Pneumonia: acute pneumonia infiltrates from different causes
"Pyrogenic=PMN, Miscellaneous=Mononuclear":
Acute pneumonia caused by Pyogenic bacteria: PMN infiltrate.
Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes: Mononuclear infiltrate.

HIV infection: high-risk groups
HIV:
Homosexuals/ Hemophiliacs
IV drug abusers

Vaccines: types
STARK:
Subunit
Toxoid
Attenuated [live]
Recombinant
Killed [inactivated]

Chlamydia: elementary vs. initial body location
Elementary: Extracellular
Initial: Intracellular

Influenza infection: clinical manifestations
"Having Flu Symptoms Can Make Moaning Children A Nightmare":
Headache
Fever
Sore throat
Chills
Myalgias
Malaise
Cough
Anorexia
Nasal congestion

Meningitis: most common organisms
NHS:
Neisseria meningitidis
Hemophilus Influenzae
Streptococcus pneumonia
·The cause of the most Severe meningitis is Streptococcus

Endocarditis: lab results suggesting it
"High Tech Lab Results Point At Endocarditis":
Hematuria
Thrombocytopenia
Leukocytosis, -penia
Red blood cell casta
Proteinuria
Anemia
Elevated ESR

All type II reactions are related with organ specific autoimmune diseases like..
Multiple Sclerosis
Myesthenia Gravis
Chronic Thyroiditis
Graves disease
Type 1 Diabetes
Pernicious Anemia
ITP
Guillian Barre Syndrome

and all type III reactions are related to systemic autoimmune diseases like
RA
SLE
Good pastures syndrome

the concept used in Indirect flurescent Antibody (IFA)test, ELISA and Western blot...... are all the same...

that they all need a known Ag + pts serum with AB against the Ag + Antihuman gama Globulin.....with specific labels
IFA= Test ag+ pts serum+ anti- human gama globulin labeled with fluoresent dye
ELISA= test ag( P24 ag) + pts serum+ anti-Human gama globulin labeled with an enzyme.
western Blot= test ag ( GP120, GP 41, P24) + Pts serum+ anti-human gama globulin labeled with an enzyme

Functions of Interlukins

Remember the picture above: List the food items in order from left to right - HotTea, Mutton bone, EGG - All these go Into An OESophagus.
Now here are the functions:
IL-1 : Pyrogen (Hot)
IL-2 : Stimulates "T" cell (Tea)
IL-3 : Mutton BONE (BONE Marrow)
IL-4 : Stimulates IgE and IgG (EGG)
IL-5 : Stimulates synthesis of IgA and OESinophils (Into An OESophagus)

Parasitic eggs that float in saturated saline
Fertilised eggs of the following Float in saturated saline:
Remember: Imagine a DWARF holding aWHIP and PINned on ROUND HOOK
i.e. Eggs which Float are Fertilised eggs of:
Dwarf tape worm = Hymenolepis nana
Whip worm = Trichuris trichura
Pin worm =  Enterobius vermicularis
Round worm = Ascaris lumbricoides
Hook worm = Ankylostoma / Necacator

Another alternate mnemonic: I HATEFertilised eggs - HATE stands for Hook /Hymenolepis, Ascaris, Trichuris, Enterobius.

Micro organisms which don't Gram stain well
List of Microbes which may not gram stain well:
Remember: " These Microscopic Rascals May Look Colourless "
Treponema
Mycobacteria
Rickettsia
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Chlamydia

Contents of LJ Medium

Remember the picture to memorise the contents of LJ Medium ( Imagine making the special LJ Bull's eye with salt, green chilly and Pepper added )
Coagulated hen's eggs
Malachite green (Represented by green chilly)
Mineral salt
Asparaginase (Represented by PeppeR)

H. pylori
Remember the LMN: H. pylori is ......
Lophotricate
Motile
Negative gram staining

Also remember the C's
Choclate agar / Campylobacter media
Catalase +ve
CLO test +ve (= Urease breath test)
CAG is virulent cytotoxin associated gene, VAC is VACulating cytotoxin associated gene
Culture is more sensitive for diagnosis
Learn microbiology through picture mnemonics

Fever with Rash
Number of days after onset of fever that rash will appear:
Remember: Really Sick Children Must Take No Exercise.
1 Day -   Rubella
2 Days - Scarlet fever ( Also in Smallpox )
3 Days - Chickenpox
4 Days - Measles
5 Days - Typhus, rickettsia (variable)
6 Days - Nothing
7 Days - Enteric fever

Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus granulosus - Remember EDC
Echinococcus
Dog tapeworm is the common name
Casoni's test is used. Remember CID - Casoni's Intra Dermal test
Treatment is MAPS - Mebendazole, Albendazole, Praziquantel, Surgery

Urease positive organisms

Urease positive organisms
PUNCH:
Proteus (leads to alkaline urine)
Ureaplasma (renal calculi)
Nocardia
Cryptoccocus (the fungus)
Helicobacter pylori

Microbiology Tests

🎀MICROBIOLOGY FACTS :
👉🏻1.skin snip test _onchocerciasis
👉🏻2.frenkel skin test _toxoplasmosis
👉🏻3.sabin feldman dye test _toxoplasmosis.                                                      👉🏻4.fairley test _schistosomiasis
👉🏻5.casoni test _hydatid cyst 👉🏻6.montenegro test _leishmania
👉🏻7.dum dum fever _kala azar.                👉🏻8.baghdad boil _cutaneous leishmaniasis
👉🏻9.s.japonicum _katayama fever
👉🏻10.brain eating amoeba _Naegleria fowleri.

HHV

HHV1 - HSV1 (Herpes Simplex Virus 1 commonly known as oral herpes)
HHV2 - HSV2 (Herpes Simplex Virus 2 commonly known as genital herpes)
HHV3 - VZV (Varicella Zoster Virus commonly known as chickenpox or shingles)
HHV4 - EBV (Ebstein Barr Virus commonly known as infectious mononucleosis [mono or glandular fever])
HHV5 - CMV (Cytomegolo Virus is the most common virus transmitted to a pregnant woman's unborn child)
HHV6 - Roseolovirus more commonly known as the 6th disease or Roseola Infantum
HHV7 - Similar to HHV6 (not yet classified)
HHV8 - A type of rhadinovirus known as the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV

Mnemonics

Microbiology Mnemonics

Meningitis: most common organisms NHS:
Neisseria meningitidis
Hemophilus Influenzae
Streptococcus pneumonia
·The cause of the most Severe meningitis isStreptococcus.
· Note: NHS is an acronym for National Health Service in several countries.

Syphilis vs. H. ducreyi (chancroid): which ulcer is painful
"In du-crey-i, you do cry (because it is painful)":
In H. ducreyi, the ulcer is painful, in syphilis the ulcer is painless.

Diphtheria toxin properties ABCDEF:
A/B-type toxin. Made by
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which binds to
EF-2 (elongation factor 2).

RNA viruses: negative stranded "Always Bring
Polymerase Or Fail Replication":
Arena
Bunya
Paramyxo
Orthomyxo
Filo
Rhabdo
· Note: Negative RNA viruses need there own polymerase.

Picorna viridae: members PEECoRnA (Picorna is
pronounced 'pee-corna')
Poliovirus
Echovirus
Enterovirus
Coronavirus
"R'novirus" (Rhinovirus)
Hepatitis A

Streptococcus pneumoniae: diseases causedCOMPS:
Conjunctivitis
Otitis media
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Sinusitis

Catalase positive organims SPACE:
Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas
Aspergillus
Candida
Enterobacter

Urease positive organisms PUNCH:
Proteus (leads to alkaline urine)
Ureaplasma (renal calculi)
Nocardia
Cryptoccocus (the fungus)
Helicobacter pylori

Vaccines: types STARK:
Subunit
Toxoid
Attenuated [live]
Recombinant
Killed [inactivated]

AIDS pathogens (T-cell suppression) worth knowing "The
Major Pathogens Concerning Complete T-Cell
Collapse":
Toxoplasma gondii
M. avium intracellulare
Pneumocystis carinii
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Tuberculosis
CMV
Cryptosporidium parvum

Tetanus: treatment for infection SAD RAT:
Sedation
Antitoxin
Debridement
Relaxant
Antibiotic
Tracheostomy

Placenta-crossing organisms/ antenatal InfectionsSTARCH:
Syphilis
Toxoplasmosis
AIDS (HIV)
Rubella
CMV
Herpes/ Hepatitis

Typhus: Epidemic Typhus: etiologic agent, vectorePidemic
typhus:
Etiological agent: Rickettsia Prowazekii.
Vector: Pediculus corporis (human body louse).
· This is in contrast to Endemic typhus.

Capsulated bacteria "Some Bacteria Have
An Effective Paste Surrounding Membrane Yielding
Pseudo Fort, Bypassing Killing":
Strep pneumonia
Bacteroides
H. influenza
Anthrax (B. anthracis)
E. coli
Pasteurella
Salmonella
Menigitidis (N. Menigitidis)
Yersinia pestis
Pseudomonas
Francisella
Brucella
Klebsiella

Hepatitis: transmission routes "Vowels arebowels":
Hepatitis A and E transmitted by fecal-oralroute.

Capsulated microbes "Some Nasty Killers
Have Some Capsule Protection":
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Klebsiella pnemoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Salmonella typhi
Cryptococcus neoformans
Pseudomanas aerigenosa

Pneumonia: causes: gram negative vs. gram positive Gram Negatives
(eg coliforms) are responsible mainly for Nosocomial pneumonia.
Gram positives (eg strep pneumonia, staph) are thus more responsible for
community acquired pneumonia.

Influenza infection: clinical manifestations"Having
Flu Symptoms Can Make Moaning Children
A Nightmare":
Headache
Fever
Sore throat
Chills
Myalgias
Malaise
Cough
Anorexia
Nasal congestion

UTI-causing microorganisms KEEPS:
Klebsiella
Enterococcus faecalis/ Enterobacter cloacae
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeroginosa/ Proteus mirabilis
Staphylococcus saprophyticcus/ Serratia marcescens

Psedomonas aeruginosa: features AERUGINOSA:
Aerobic
Exotoxin A
Rod/ Resistance
UTIs, burns, injuries
Green-blue dressings
Iron-containing lesions
Negative gram
Odor of grapes
Slime capsule sometimes (in CF pt)
Adherin pili

Toxoplasma gondii: manifestations "My Cat Eats
Mice":
Mononucleosis-like illness
Chorioretinits/ Congenital infection
Encephalitis
Myocarditis

Chlamydia: elementary vs. initial body locationElementary:
Extracellular
Initial: Intracellular

Trypanosoma brucei: disease caused "I went on aTRYP
to AFRICA":
TRYPanosoma brucei causes AFRICAn sleeping sickness

RNA enveloped viruses FORT ABC, Puerto Rico:
Flavivirus/ Filo
Orthomyxo
Retro
Toga
Arena
Bunya
Corona
Paramyxo
Rhabdo

Teratogens: placenta-crossing organismsToRCHeS:
Toxoplasma
Rubella
CMV
Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster (varicella), Hepatitis B,C,E
Syphilis
· Alternatively: TORCHES: with Others (parvo, listeria), add HIV
to H's, Enteroviruses.

E. coli: major subtypes, key point of each "HIT by E.
coli outbreak":
EnteroHemorrhagic:
· HUS from Hamburgers
EnteroInvasive:
· Immune-mediated Inflammation
EnteroToxigenic:
· Traveller's diarrhea

Obligate anaerobes: members worth knowingABC:
Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium

Common cold: viral causes "Common cold (acute infectious
rhinitis, coryza) is PRIMArily caused by":
Paramyxoviruses
Rhinoviruses
Influenza viruses
Myxoviruses
Adenoviruses

Streptococcus pyogenes: diseases causedNIPPLES:
Necrotising fasciitis and myositis
Impetigo
Pharyngitis
Pneumonia
Lymphangitis
Erysipelas and cellulitis
Scarlet fever/ Streptococcal TSS

Picornavirus: features PICORNAvirus:
Positive sense
ICOsahedral
RNAvirus

Neisseria: fermentation of N. gonorrhoeae vs. N. meningitidis
Gonorrhoeae: Glucose fermenter only.
MeninGitidis: Maltose and Glucose fermenter.
· Maltose fermentation is a useful property to know, since it's the classic test
to distinguish the Neisseria types.

RNA viruses: negative stranded "OrthodoxRhabbi's
Party Around Fine Bunnies":
Orthomyxo
Rhabdo
Paramyxo
Arena
Filo
Bunya

RNA viruses: positive stranded "Pico Called 
Flavio To Return Renzo's Corona":
Picorna
Calici
Flavi
Toga
Retro
Reo
Corona

Endocarditis: lab results suggesting it "High Tech
Lab Results Point At Endocarditis":
Hematuria
Thrombocytopenia
Leukocytosis, -penia
Red blood cell casta
Proteinuria
Anemia
Elevated ESR

Endocarditis: causes of culture negative endocarditis "With
Negative Tests, Investigators Should Focus 
Attention Somewhere Meaningful":
Wrong diagnosis
Noninfectious endocarditis
Timing (cultures drawn at end of chronic course)
obligate Intracellular organisms
Slow growing fastidious organisms
Fungal infection
Antibiotic used previously
Subacute right-sided endocarditis
Mural endocarditis

Endocarditis: indications for surgery PUS RIVER:
Prosthetic valve endocarditis (most cases)
Uncontrolled infection
Supporative local complications with conduction abnormalities
Resection of mycotic aneurysm
Ineffective antimicrobial therapy (eg Vs fungi)
Valvular damage (significant)
Embolization (repeated systemic)
Refractory congestive heart failure

Meningitis: risk factors "Can Induce Severe
Attacks Of Head PAINS":
Cancer
Immunocompromised state
Sinusitis
Age extremes
Otitis
Head trauma
Parameningeal infection
Alcoholism
Infections (systemic, esp. respiratory)
Neurosurgical procedures
Splenectomy

HIV infection: high-risk groups HIV:
Homosexuals/ Hemophiliacs
IVdrug abusers

Trichomaniasis: features · 5 F's:
Flagella
Frothy discharge
Fishy odor (sometimes)
Fornication (STD)
Flagyl (metronidazole) Rx

Nematodes: ones spreading by egg ingestion "ATE eggs":
Ascaris Lumbricoides
Trichuris trichuira
Enterobius vermicularis
spread by ingestion of eggs (vs skin invasion or insect bite)

Food poisoning: bugs inducing "EatingContaminated
Stuff Causes Very Big Smelly Vomit":
E. coli O157-H7 [undercooked meat, esp. hamburgers]
Clostridium botulinum [canned foods]
Salmonella [poultry, meat, eggs]
Vibrio parahaemolyticus [seafood]
Bacillus cereus [reheated rice]
Staphylococcus aureus [meats, mayo, custard]
Clostridium perfringens [reheated meat]
Vibrio vulnificus [seafood]

B19 virus: at-risk groups B19 affects 3 B's:
Babies (5th disease, infectiousum erythematosa)
Black Bleeders (sickle cell anemics - anaplastic anemic crisis)
Bearing Babies [pregnant women] (hydrops fetalis)

IgA protease-producing bacteria "Nice Strip ofHam":
Neisseria
Streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenza

Hemophilius: culture requirements Read Hemophilus as "HemoFive":
· Needs Heme with Factors Fiveand Ten.

DNA viruses: morphology rule of thumb DNA:
Double-stranded
Nuclear replication
'Anhedral symmetry
· Rule breakers: pox (cytoplasmic), parvo (single-stranded).

Streptococcus pyogenes: virulence factorsSMASHED:
Streptolysins
M protein
Anti-C5a peptidase
Streptokinase
Hyaluronidase
Exotoxin
DNAses

Gram positive stain Gram Positives
Stain Purple (violet-blue)
because of their thick Peptidoglycan layer

Gram+: bacterial cell wall · Gram+ has:
+hick pepidoglycan layer.
+eichoic acid in wall.

Listeria: motility Istanbul sounds like Listambul =
list + tumble.
Listeria has tumblingmotility.

Staphylococci: novobiocin test to distinguish coagulase negative
staphylococci Staph epidermidis stays away from the novobiocin
disc like an epidemic.
· Therefore, epidermidis is sensitive to novobiocin.
Staph saprophyticus, much friendlier, comes up to the disc and says, "'sap?'"
[short for "whassup?", ie "what's up"].
· Therefore, saprophyticus is novobiocin resistant.

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: classic presentation
"Sore throat, Face bloat, Pi$$ coke":
Sore throat: 1 week ago
Face bloat: facial edema
Pi$$ coke: coke-coloured urine
· Alternatively, short version: "Throat, bloat andcoke".

Streptococci: classification by hemolytic abilityGamma:
Garbage (no hemolytic activity).
Alpha: Almost (almost lyse, but incomplete).
Beta: Best (complete lysis).

Streptococci: Quellung reaction: positive sign, Strep type confirmed
"Quell-lung":
Quell: Capsules swell [+ve test].
Lung: S. pnuemonia [type confirmed].
· You get pneumonia in your lung.

E. coli: diseases caused in presence of virulence factors 
DUNG:
Diarrhea
UTI
Neonatal meningitis
Gram negative sepsis
· Dung, since contract E. coli from dung-contaminated water.

Streptococcus pyrogenes: antibody SPAM:
Streptococcus Pyogenes: Antibody to Mprotein.

Staphylococcus aureus: diseases caused SOFT PAINS:
Skin infections
Osteomyelitis
Food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome
Pneumonia
Acute endocarditis
Infective arthritis
Necrotizing fasciitis
Sepsis

Gram staining: mechanism "Murein gets the red out" [Allusion
to an old eye-wash slogan]:
Peptidoglycan (aka murein) remains purple during Gram staining. The Gram
negatives, devoid of murein, are red.
Thus, murein prevents redness and are purple (positive).

Entameoba histolytica: disease caused, actionEntAmoeba
causes Amoebic dysEntery.
Action: histo (cell) lytic (burst), so it bursts cells.

Clostridium difficile: disease caused "Difficult to
be in a Closet with someone having explosive foul smelling
diarrhea, because it would smell and there would beno air in there.
Clostridium Difficile causes explosive foul smelling diarrhea
and is an anaeorbe (no air).

Pneumonia: acute pneumonia infiltrates from different causes
"Pyrogenic=PMN, Miscellaneous=Mononuclear":
Acute pneumonia caused by Pyogenic bacteria: PMN infiltrate.
Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes: Mononuclear
infiltrate.

Klebsiella details You tell the patient: "Get UPS you
fat alcoholic":
UTI
Pneumonia
Sepsis
Fat capsule
Get up=nonmotile since no flagella.
Alcoholic=commonly seen in alcoholicand nosocomial patients.

Pseudomonas details · See diagram of patient.
Patient: bug commonly infects nosocomial.
Oxygen tank: oxidase positive.
IV bag: has glucose and lactose, so its OK to give because its a nonlactose
fermenter.
Why giving oxygen? Because it commonly caused pneumonia.
IV in the arm: supposed to signify sepsis.
The foley: UTI.
Burn on his foot: can infect burns.

Leprosy: early signs diagnostic criteria "LEProsy":
Loss of sensation in affected skin/ Loss of function (paralysis)
Enlargement of affected superficial nerves (tender too)
Positive identification of M. leprae under microscope

Kidney transplant virus "Borrowed Kidney":
BKvirus is associated with kidney transplants.

Endotoxin features ENDOTOXIN:
Endothelial cells/ Edema
Negative (gram- bacteria)
DIC/ Death
Outer membrane
TNF
O-antigen
X-tremely heat stable
IL-1
Nitric oxide/ Neutrophil chemotaxis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: culture identification "Rough,
Tough, Buff":
Rough: colony isn't smooth but rough like breadcrumbs.
Tough: colony stuck to plate well, and tough to remove.
Buff: buff is a color, a cream/coffee shade.

Vibrio: motility "Vibrio Vibrates":
Vibrio is a genus of actively motile bacteria.

           -  Regards.
               AdminMicrobiology Mnemonics

 

 

Meningitis: most common organisms NHS:
Neisseria meningitidis
Hemophilus Influenzae
Streptococcus pneumonia
·The cause of the most Severe meningitis isStreptococcus.
· Note: NHS is an acronym for National Health Service in several countries.

Syphilis vs. H. ducreyi (chancroid): which ulcer is painful
"In du-crey-i, you do cry (because it is painful)":
In H. ducreyi, the ulcer is painful, in syphilis the ulcer is painless.

Diphtheria toxin properties ABCDEF:
A/B-type toxin. Made by
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which binds to
EF-2 (elongation factor 2).

RNA viruses: negative stranded "Always Bring
Polymerase Or Fail Replication":
Arena
Bunya
Paramyxo
Orthomyxo
Filo
Rhabdo
· Note: Negative RNA viruses need there own polymerase.

Picorna viridae: members PEECoRnA (Picorna is
pronounced 'pee-corna')
Poliovirus
Echovirus
Enterovirus
Coronavirus
"R'novirus" (Rhinovirus)
Hepatitis A

Streptococcus pneumoniae: diseases causedCOMPS:
Conjunctivitis
Otitis media
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Sinusitis

Catalase positive organims SPACE:
Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas
Aspergillus
Candida
Enterobacter

Urease positive organisms PUNCH:
Proteus (leads to alkaline urine)
Ureaplasma (renal calculi)
Nocardia
Cryptoccocus (the fungus)
Helicobacter pylori

Vaccines: types STARK:
Subunit
Toxoid
Attenuated [live]
Recombinant
Killed [inactivated]

AIDS pathogens (T-cell suppression) worth knowing "The
Major Pathogens Concerning Complete T-Cell
Collapse":
Toxoplasma gondii
M. avium intracellulare
Pneumocystis carinii
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Tuberculosis
CMV
Cryptosporidium parvum

Tetanus: treatment for infection SAD RAT:
Sedation
Antitoxin
Debridement
Relaxant
Antibiotic
Tracheostomy

Placenta-crossing organisms/ antenatal InfectionsSTARCH:
Syphilis
Toxoplasmosis
AIDS (HIV)
Rubella
CMV
Herpes/ Hepatitis

Typhus: Epidemic Typhus: etiologic agent, vectorePidemic
typhus:
Etiological agent: Rickettsia Prowazekii.
Vector: Pediculus corporis (human body louse).
· This is in contrast to Endemic typhus.

Capsulated bacteria "Some Bacteria Have
An Effective Paste Surrounding Membrane Yielding
Pseudo Fort, Bypassing Killing":
Strep pneumonia
Bacteroides
H. influenza
Anthrax (B. anthracis)
E. coli
Pasteurella
Salmonella
Menigitidis (N. Menigitidis)
Yersinia pestis
Pseudomonas
Francisella
Brucella
Klebsiella

Hepatitis: transmission routes "Vowels arebowels":
Hepatitis A and E transmitted by fecal-oralroute.

Capsulated microbes "Some Nasty Killers
Have Some Capsule Protection":
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Klebsiella pnemoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Salmonella typhi
Cryptococcus neoformans
Pseudomanas aerigenosa

Pneumonia: causes: gram negative vs. gram positive Gram Negatives
(eg coliforms) are responsible mainly for Nosocomial pneumonia.
Gram positives (eg strep pneumonia, staph) are thus more responsible for
community acquired pneumonia.

Influenza infection: clinical manifestations"Having
Flu Symptoms Can Make Moaning Children
A Nightmare":
Headache
Fever
Sore throat
Chills
Myalgias
Malaise
Cough
Anorexia
Nasal congestion

UTI-causing microorganisms KEEPS:
Klebsiella
Enterococcus faecalis/ Enterobacter cloacae
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeroginosa/ Proteus mirabilis
Staphylococcus saprophyticcus/ Serratia marcescens

Psedomonas aeruginosa: features AERUGINOSA:
Aerobic
Exotoxin A
Rod/ Resistance
UTIs, burns, injuries
Green-blue dressings
Iron-containing lesions
Negative gram
Odor of grapes
Slime capsule sometimes (in CF pt)
Adherin pili

Toxoplasma gondii: manifestations "My Cat Eats
Mice":
Mononucleosis-like illness
Chorioretinits/ Congenital infection
Encephalitis
Myocarditis

Chlamydia: elementary vs. initial body locationElementary:
Extracellular
Initial: Intracellular

Trypanosoma brucei: disease caused "I went on aTRYP
to AFRICA":
TRYPanosoma brucei causes AFRICAn sleeping sickness

RNA enveloped viruses FORT ABC, Puerto Rico:
Flavivirus/ Filo
Orthomyxo
Retro
Toga
Arena
Bunya
Corona
Paramyxo
Rhabdo

Teratogens: placenta-crossing organismsToRCHeS:
Toxoplasma
Rubella
CMV
Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster (varicella), Hepatitis B,C,E
Syphilis
· Alternatively: TORCHES: with Others (parvo, listeria), add HIV
to H's, Enteroviruses.

E. coli: major subtypes, key point of each "HIT by E.
coli outbreak":
EnteroHemorrhagic:
· HUS from Hamburgers
EnteroInvasive:
· Immune-mediated Inflammation
EnteroToxigenic:
· Traveller's diarrhea

Obligate anaerobes: members worth knowingABC:
Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium

Common cold: viral causes "Common cold (acute infectious
rhinitis, coryza) is PRIMArily caused by":
Paramyxoviruses
Rhinoviruses
Influenza viruses
Myxoviruses
Adenoviruses

Streptococcus pyogenes: diseases causedNIPPLES:
Necrotising fasciitis and myositis
Impetigo
Pharyngitis
Pneumonia
Lymphangitis
Erysipelas and cellulitis
Scarlet fever/ Streptococcal TSS

Picornavirus: features PICORNAvirus:
Positive sense
ICOsahedral
RNAvirus

Neisseria: fermentation of N. gonorrhoeae vs. N. meningitidis
Gonorrhoeae: Glucose fermenter only.
MeninGitidis: Maltose and Glucose fermenter.
· Maltose fermentation is a useful property to know, since it's the classic test
to distinguish the Neisseria types.

RNA viruses: negative stranded "OrthodoxRhabbi's
Party Around Fine Bunnies":
Orthomyxo
Rhabdo
Paramyxo
Arena
Filo
Bunya

RNA viruses: positive stranded "Pico Called 
Flavio To Return Renzo's Corona":
Picorna
Calici
Flavi
Toga
Retro
Reo
Corona

Endocarditis: lab results suggesting it "High Tech
Lab Results Point At Endocarditis":
Hematuria
Thrombocytopenia
Leukocytosis, -penia
Red blood cell casta
Proteinuria
Anemia
Elevated ESR

Endocarditis: causes of culture negative endocarditis "With
Negative Tests, Investigators Should Focus 
Attention Somewhere Meaningful":
Wrong diagnosis
Noninfectious endocarditis
Timing (cultures drawn at end of chronic course)
obligate Intracellular organisms
Slow growing fastidious organisms
Fungal infection
Antibiotic used previously
Subacute right-sided endocarditis
Mural endocarditis

Endocarditis: indications for surgery PUS RIVER:
Prosthetic valve endocarditis (most cases)
Uncontrolled infection
Supporative local complications with conduction abnormalities
Resection of mycotic aneurysm
Ineffective antimicrobial therapy (eg Vs fungi)
Valvular damage (significant)
Embolization (repeated systemic)
Refractory congestive heart failure

Meningitis: risk factors "Can Induce Severe
Attacks Of Head PAINS":
Cancer
Immunocompromised state
Sinusitis
Age extremes
Otitis
Head trauma
Parameningeal infection
Alcoholism
Infections (systemic, esp. respiratory)
Neurosurgical procedures
Splenectomy

HIV infection: high-risk groups HIV:
Homosexuals/ Hemophiliacs
IVdrug abusers

Trichomaniasis: features · 5 F's:
Flagella
Frothy discharge
Fishy odor (sometimes)
Fornication (STD)
Flagyl (metronidazole) Rx

Nematodes: ones spreading by egg ingestion "ATE eggs":
Ascaris Lumbricoides
Trichuris trichuira
Enterobius vermicularis
spread by ingestion of eggs (vs skin invasion or insect bite)

Food poisoning: bugs inducing "EatingContaminated
Stuff Causes Very Big Smelly Vomit":
E. coli O157-H7 [undercooked meat, esp. hamburgers]
Clostridium botulinum [canned foods]
Salmonella [poultry, meat, eggs]
Vibrio parahaemolyticus [seafood]
Bacillus cereus [reheated rice]
Staphylococcus aureus [meats, mayo, custard]
Clostridium perfringens [reheated meat]
Vibrio vulnificus [seafood]

B19 virus: at-risk groups B19 affects 3 B's:
Babies (5th disease, infectiousum erythematosa)
Black Bleeders (sickle cell anemics - anaplastic anemic crisis)
Bearing Babies [pregnant women] (hydrops fetalis)

IgA protease-producing bacteria "Nice Strip ofHam":
Neisseria
Streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenza

Hemophilius: culture requirements Read Hemophilus as "HemoFive":
· Needs Heme with Factors Fiveand Ten.

DNA viruses: morphology rule of thumb DNA:
Double-stranded
Nuclear replication
'Anhedral symmetry
· Rule breakers: pox (cytoplasmic), parvo (single-stranded).

Streptococcus pyogenes: virulence factorsSMASHED:
Streptolysins
M protein
Anti-C5a peptidase
Streptokinase
Hyaluronidase
Exotoxin
DNAses

Gram positive stain Gram Positives
Stain Purple (violet-blue)
because of their thick Peptidoglycan layer

Gram+: bacterial cell wall · Gram+ has:
+hick pepidoglycan layer.
+eichoic acid in wall.

Listeria: motility Istanbul sounds like Listambul =
list + tumble.
Listeria has tumblingmotility.

Staphylococci: novobiocin test to distinguish coagulase negative
staphylococci Staph epidermidis stays away from the novobiocin
disc like an epidemic.
· Therefore, epidermidis is sensitive to novobiocin.
Staph saprophyticus, much friendlier, comes up to the disc and says, "'sap?'"
[short for "whassup?", ie "what's up"].
· Therefore, saprophyticus is novobiocin resistant.

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: classic presentation
"Sore throat, Face bloat, Pi$$ coke":
Sore throat: 1 week ago
Face bloat: facial edema
Pi$$ coke: coke-coloured urine
· Alternatively, short version: "Throat, bloat andcoke".

Streptococci: classification by hemolytic abilityGamma:
Garbage (no hemolytic activity).
Alpha: Almost (almost lyse, but incomplete).
Beta: Best (complete lysis).

Streptococci: Quellung reaction: positive sign, Strep type confirmed
"Quell-lung":
Quell: Capsules swell [+ve test].
Lung: S. pnuemonia [type confirmed].
· You get pneumonia in your lung.

E. coli: diseases caused in presence of virulence factors 
DUNG:
Diarrhea
UTI
Neonatal meningitis
Gram negative sepsis
· Dung, since contract E. coli from dung-contaminated water.

Streptococcus pyrogenes: antibody SPAM:
Streptococcus Pyogenes: Antibody to Mprotein.

Staphylococcus aureus: diseases caused SOFT PAINS:
Skin infections
Osteomyelitis
Food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome
Pneumonia
Acute endocarditis
Infective arthritis
Necrotizing fasciitis
Sepsis

Gram staining: mechanism "Murein gets the red out" [Allusion
to an old eye-wash slogan]:
Peptidoglycan (aka murein) remains purple during Gram staining. The Gram
negatives, devoid of murein, are red.
Thus, murein prevents redness and are purple (positive).

Entameoba histolytica: disease caused, actionEntAmoeba
causes Amoebic dysEntery.
Action: histo (cell) lytic (burst), so it bursts cells.

Clostridium difficile: disease caused "Difficult to
be in a Closet with someone having explosive foul smelling
diarrhea, because it would smell and there would beno air in there.
Clostridium Difficile causes explosive foul smelling diarrhea
and is an anaeorbe (no air).

Pneumonia: acute pneumonia infiltrates from different causes
"Pyrogenic=PMN, Miscellaneous=Mononuclear":
Acute pneumonia caused by Pyogenic bacteria: PMN infiltrate.
Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes: Mononuclear
infiltrate.

Klebsiella details You tell the patient: "Get UPS you
fat alcoholic":
UTI
Pneumonia
Sepsis
Fat capsule
Get up=nonmotile since no flagella.
Alcoholic=commonly seen in alcoholicand nosocomial patients.

Pseudomonas details · See diagram of patient.
Patient: bug commonly infects nosocomial.
Oxygen tank: oxidase positive.
IV bag: has glucose and lactose, so its OK to give because its a nonlactose
fermenter.
Why giving oxygen? Because it commonly caused pneumonia.
IV in the arm: supposed to signify sepsis.
The foley: UTI.
Burn on his foot: can infect burns.

Leprosy: early signs diagnostic criteria "LEProsy":
Loss of sensation in affected skin/ Loss of function (paralysis)
Enlargement of affected superficial nerves (tender too)
Positive identification of M. leprae under microscope

Kidney transplant virus "Borrowed Kidney":
BKvirus is associated with kidney transplants.

Endotoxin features ENDOTOXIN:
Endothelial cells/ Edema
Negative (gram- bacteria)
DIC/ Death
Outer membrane
TNF
O-antigen
X-tremely heat stable
IL-1
Nitric oxide/ Neutrophil chemotaxis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: culture identification "Rough,
Tough, Buff":
Rough: colony isn't smooth but rough like breadcrumbs.
Tough: colony stuck to plate well, and tough to remove.
Buff: buff is a color, a cream/coffee shade.

Vibrio: motility "Vibrio Vibrates":
Vibrio is a genus of actively motile bacteria.

Parasitology

C.neoformis
U LIP3
Urease positive
Lack of fermentation
Inositol positive
Phenol oxidase positive
Pigment- niger seed agar (black)
Positive gram stain

Clonorchis sinesis
C7
Chinese liver fluke
Cholangio ca
Ca pancreas
Calculi
Cirrhosis
Cholangitis
Cypriloid fish(intermediate host)

Autoinfection
CHEST
Capillaria philiphianses
H.nana
E.vermicularis
S.stercoralis
T.solium

-from class notes

Dead End Infections

When a pathogen infects a species that it does not normally infect, it is often unable to spread effectively from that host, this situation is known as dead end infection or dead end transmission.

Dead end infections are,

Leptospirosis
Legionella
Endemic typhus
Tetanus
Human rabies
Japanese Encephalitis
T.solium
Echinococcus granulosus and Trichinella spiralis

Influenza

INFLUENZA VIRUS
Asked Points :

Influenza A - Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase is strain specific

Influenza - Primary infectious pneumonia is less common than secondary bacterial pneumonia

Influenza - Major epidemics are due to antigenic SHIFT, Antigenic drift is gradual antigenic

change over a period of time, Antigenic shift is due to genetic recombination of virus, Influenza

A is subjected to frequent antigenic variations Segmented RNA - Influenza

H5N1 - Bird flu virus

Gradual and sequential change in antigenic structure at regular intervals - Antigenic drift

Influenza causes new epidemic by - Antigenicndrift

Antigenic shift - Gradual

Antigenic variation NOT seen in - Influenza C

Influenza - Affects all sexes and ages, Incubation period 18 – 72 hours

Immunofluorescence - Detection of influenza

Amantidine is most effective for - Influenza A

Which is a Neuraminidase Inhibitor - Oseltamivir

Avian influenza treated by - Oseltamivir

Oseltamivir is used to treat - Influenza A & B

Newer influenza vaccine - Split virus vaccine,

Neuraminidase, Recombinant vaccine

Harrison Points :

H1N1 swine flu was found on - 2009

Influenza is associated with - Myositis and rhabdomyolysis

Most serious complication of Influenza B - Reye syndrome

Amantidine and rimantidine are active against - Influenza A only

Oseltamivir inhibit - Neuraminidase

Additional Points :

Segmented RNA virus - Influenza virus

M protein in orthomyxovirus maturation - Serves as a recognition site for nucleocapsid at the

inner face of plasma membrane

All pandemic of influenza by - Influenza A only

Pandemic of influenza is caused by - Antigenic shift

Shift occurs only with - Influenza A

Reye syndrome is associated with - Influenza B

Mechanism of action of oseltamivir - Inhibition of a viral enzyme that aids the spread of virus

through respiratory mucus and is required for release of progeny virus

Dose of oseltamivir in adults - 75 mg BD

Malaria Epidemiology

Malaria Epidemiology
• MC species of Plasmodium in India- P.falciparum>P.vivax
• MC species of Plasmodium in world- P.vivax
• P.malariae found in which place in India- Tumkur (Karnataka) 
• P.ovale found in which place in India- Delhi, Orissa,Gujrat, Assam, Kolkatta
• Most endemic state in India- Orissa
Life cycle of Plasmodium-
1. Definitive host- Female anapheles
2. Intermediate host-man 
3. Modes of transmission other than mosquito bite- blood transfusion, vertical
4. Infective form -sporozoite
5. Infective form if transmitted by other than mosquito bite- merozoites
6. Infective form to mosquito-Gametocyte
7. Minimum gametocyte need to transit the infection to mosquito- 12/cmm

Zoonosis

ZOONOSES

Definition: Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man.

Types:

Anthropozoonoses: Diseases in animals that can be transmitted to man (eg. rabies).

Zooanthroponoses: Diseases in humans that can be transmitted to animals (eg. tuberculosis in cats, monkeys).

Amphixenoses: Diseases affecting humans and animals that can be occasionally transmitted from one to another (eg. staphyloccocal infection).

Euzoonoses: Diseases in which humans are an obligatory host of the agent (eg. Taenia solium or T. saginata)

Examples:

Some Major Bacterial Etiologic Agents of New Zoonoses

E. coli O157:H7
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
Helicobacter pylori and other spp.
Ehrlichia chaffeensis (HME)
Bartonella henselae (Cat scratch Disease)
Rickettsia felis (Murine typhus like)
E. Equi/A. phagocytophila (HGE)

Some Major Viral Etiologic Agents of New Zoonoses

Guanarito virus (Venezuelan hemor. fever)Sin nombre virus (Hantavirus Pulm.Syndr.)Sabia virus (Brazilian hemorrhagic fever)Hendra virus (Equine morbillivirus)Australian bat Lyssavirus (Rhabdovirus)Menangle virus (paramyxovirus)Influenza virus H5N1 (Hong Kong)Nipah virus (Paramyxovirus)Influenza virus H9N2 (Hong Kong)SARS (Coronavirus)

 

Types on the basis of Epidemiological cycle/Modes of transmission:

Orthozoonoses: Disease transmission cycle can be completed with only one vertebrate reservoir (eg. rabies).
Cyclozoonoses: Diseases whose maintenance cycle requires more than one vertebrate species, but no invertebrate host (eg., hydatid disease, taeniasis).
Pherozoonoses (or Metazoonoses): Diseases whose maintenance cycle requires both vertebrates and invertebrates to complete their transmission cycle (eg. arboviruses).
Saprozoonoses: Diseases that depend upon inanimate reservoirs or development sites, as well as upon vertebrate hosts (eg. listeriosis)

Depending on Clinical manifestations:

Phanerozoonoses: Zoonoses for which symptoms are observed in animals and humans. They may be Iso-symptomatic (Symptoms are the same in humans and animals eg. Rabies, tuberculosis) or Aniso-symptomatic (Symptoms are different in humans and animals eg. Q fever, anthrax)
Cryptozoonoses: Zoonoses for which there is only infection without symptoms in animals and/or humans. eg.Infection in animals/disease in humans: ornithosisInfection in humans/disease in animals: Ebola

Carriers

INCUBATORY CARRIERS:: DIMP-H
Diptheria
Influenza
Measles,mumps
Polio,pertusis
Hep-B

CONVALESCENT CARRIERS::BAT-DCP
Bacillary desentry
Amoebic dysentry
Typhoid
Diptheria
Cholera
Pertusiss

HEALTHY CARRIERS::CM-DSP
Cholera
Meningococcal meningitis
Diptheria
Salmonellosis
Polio

Antigenic variation

Antigenic variation
MNEMONIC
Variation of BP is High in IT persons than General
Variation -antigenic variation
B.        -Borrelia
P.        -Plasmodium
High. -Hepatitis c
I.         - Influenza
T.        -Trepanosoma brusi
General- Giardiasis

Microbiology High Yield

_____________________________________________
B19 virus: at-risk groups
B19 affects 3 B's:
Babies (5th disease, infectiousum erythematosa)
Black Bleeders (sickle cell anemics - anaplastic anemic crisis)
Bearing Babies [pregnant women] (hydrops fetalis)
_________________________________________________
IgA protease-producing bacteria
"Nice Strip of Ham":
Neisseria
Streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenza
_________________________________________________
Hemophilius: culture requirements
Read Hemophilus as "HemoFive":
· Needs Heme with Factors Five and Ten.
_________________________________________________
DNA viruses: morphology rule of thumb
DNA:
Double-stranded
Nuclear replication
'Anhedral symmetry
· Rule breakers: pox (cytoplasmic), parvo (single-stranded).
_________________________________________________
Streptococcus pyogenes: virulence factors
SMASHED:
Streptolysins
M protein
Anti-C5a peptidase
Streptokinase
Hyaluronidase
Exotoxin
DNAses

Food poisoning: bugs inducing
"Eating Contaminated Stuff Causes Very Big Smelly Vomit":
E. coli O157-H7 [undercooked meat, esp. hamburgers]
Clostridium botulinum [canned foods]
Salmonella [poultry, meat, eggs]
Vibrio parahaemolyticus [seafood]
Bacillus cereus [reheated rice]
Staphylococcus aureus [meats, mayo, custard]
Clostridium perfringens [reheated meat]
Vibrio vulnificus [seafood]
____________________________

Microbiology high yield

most common nosocomial infection is UTI
most common organism causing nosocomial UTI is E.coli
organism causing early onset nosocomial pneumonia is Pneumococci
organism causing late onset nosocomial pneumonia is Staph.aureus
organism causing surgical site infection is Staph.aureus
organism infecting burns is pseudomonas
Hair on end appearance is seen in -
sickle cell anemia,G6PD deficiency.Hereditary spherocytosis
Gamma Gandy Bodies is seen in Sickle cell anemia, CML, Liver cirrhosis
most common cause of native valve endocarditis is Staph.aureus
cause of early onset prosthetic valve endocarditis is coagulase negative Staphylococcus
cather induced UTI COMMONLY DUE TO PSEUDOMONAS
cause of late onset prosthetic valve endocarditis is Strptococcus viridans
endocarditis in IV drug users Staph.aureus
Cutaneous Anthrax is known as hide porters disease ,the pustule that develos is painless and is known as Malignant pustule.
pulmonary anthrax is known as wool sorters disease,it causes hemorrhagic pneumonia
laryngeal diptheria is the most severe form...tracheostomy may be required but not in all cases
toxigenicity of diptheria is not chromosomally mediated but is phase mediated

Contributions of Louis Pasteur:

Microbial theory of fermentation
Anthrax, cholera, Rabies vaccine
Principle of sterilization
Streptococci
Father of modern microbiology

Flagella

Flagella
They are organs of locomotion.
They are made up of a protein flagellin.
Flagellar antigen induces specific antibodies in high titers. These
antibodies are not protective but are useful in serodiagnosis.
Types:
1. Peritrichous
all around cell, e.g. Typhoid bacillus.
2. Polar
at one or both ends:
a. Single
monotrichous, e. g. Cholera
b. Tufts
lophotrichous, e.g. Spirilla
c. Both poles
amphitrichous
Flagella may be seen under dark ground illumination.
They can be visualized by special staining techniques or by electron
microscopy. Their presence can be observed on the semisolid agar
medium by noting spreading type of growth due to motility.

SHAPES OF ORGANISM

1.(a)Plague
(b)Donovania Granulomatis -------Safty Pin appearance
2.Meningococci--------------------------Half moon
3.Gonococci-----------------------------Kidney
4.Pneumococci--------------------------Lanceolate
5.Cl.Tetani------------------------------Drumstick
6.Cl.Welchi------------------------------Spindle
7.Rabies virus---------------------------Bullet

Atypical mycobacteria

Runyon Classification of Mycobacteria.
classification Organism
TB complex ---M tuberculosis
---M africanum
---M bovis

Photochromogens - M asiaticum
-M kansasii
-M marinum
-M simiae

Scotochromogens - M flavescens
-M gordonae
-M scrofulaceum
-M szulgai

Nonchromogens- - M avium complex
-M celatum
-M haemophilum
-M gastri
-M genavense
-M malmoense
-M nonchromogenicum
-M shimoidei
-M terrae
-M trivale
-M ulcerans
-M xenopi
Rapid growers - M abscessus
-M fortuitum group
-M chelonae group
-M phlei
-M smegmatis
-M vaccae
Oct 27, 2012

guest2011
Moderator
BASIS of classifications
Streptococci
1.on o2 requimnt--a.aerob and facultatv anaerbes
b.obligate anaerobe(peptostreptoco)
2.hemolysis--a.alpha--s.viridans,s.sanguis,s.mutants
b.beta--on c carbohydrate in cell wall--1.Lancefield 20 gp e.g strep.pyogenes of A
2.Griffith types
c.gamma--enterococci and star.bovis

Classification of microbes

BASIS of classifications

Pneumococus-
On capsular polysacch at gp.I,ii,iii,iv
Meningococcus-
On capsular antigen in A B C etc.a and c has vaccine.b has no vaccine.
Gonococcus--
On outer member proteins

C.diptheriae
On colony morphology on tellurite blod agar--gravis,mitis,intrmidius(McLeod classifictn)
On agglutintn test--gravis 13 types,intermedius 4 types,mitis 40 types

Clostridium---
A.perfringens--on toxin basis A to E
B.botulinum--on toxin a b c1 c2 d e f g.all r neurotoxin except c2 which is cytotoxin
C.tetani--on agglutination I to x

Enterobactriace
A.lactose fermntr--klebsiella,e.coli
B.late lactose fer--shigella sonnei,Edwards Ella,citrobacter,serratia,providencia etc
C.non lac fer--all shigella except s.sonnei,salmonella,proteus

Shigella--on basis of mannitol frmnt as A B C D.all r mannitol fermntr xcpt a.
Salmonella--a.in serological gp--by O antigen
b.in serotype--by H ag

Vibrio--
A.heiberg gping-on fermntn f sucrose,arabinnose,mannose
B.Gardner and venkatraman--a.on flagella r H at as A( v.chlorea) and B( heterogenous vibrio)
b.A go is further classyfyd on basis of O ag as O1 and non O1
c.O1 as agglutinble vibrio divide in classical n el tor which is further sub divide in serotype ogawa,inaba,hikogima

PS.aeruginosa
--on basis f LPS
Y.pestis--fermntation f glycerol
H.inluenzae--capsulr polysacc as a to f
Influenza virus--on basis f antigenic nature f internal ribonucleoprtin at as A B C

Dermatophytes--
on nature f mAcroconidia as tricophyton,microsporum,epidermophyton