Showing posts with label Dermatology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Dermatology. Show all posts

Thursday, 3 September 2020

High Yield points : Dermatology

 1. Syndromic management for genital ulcers in India is used for STI like Chancroid, chancre & herpes genitalis

 2. Most specific test for syphilis FTA-Abs

 3. In chancroid, the drug of choice is Ceftriaxone

 4. Donovanosis is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis 

5. For lymphogranuloma venereum the drug of choice is Doxycycline

 6. Polycyclic erosions are seen in Herpes genitalis 

7. The most frequent cause of recurrent non-infectious oro-genital ulceration in a HIV positive male is Aphthous ulcer 

8. Sabre tibia is seen in: Syphilis

 9. Mucus patch is seen in Secondary syphilis 

10. Incubation period of syphilis is 9 to 90 days

 11. Vesicle is not a skin manifestation of secondary syphilis 

12. Primary bullous lesion is seen in Congenital syphilis 

13. In Syphilis a painless indurated ulcer over the penis is seen 

14. Yaws is caused by Treponema pertenue 

15. In primary syphilis the treatment of choice is Benzathine penicillin

 16. Podophyllin is used in Condyloma acuminate

 17. Gonococcus is: Intracellular gram-negative 

18. Main feature of gonorrhea is Purulent discharge per urethra 

19. Leprosy does not affect Ovaries

 20. The most effective drug against M.leprae is Rifampicin 

21. Most sensitive index to assess the drug effectiveness in skin smears of leprosy patient is: Morphological index 

22. Maximum suppression of cell-mediated immunity occurs in Lepromatous leprosy 

Monday, 12 February 2018

Mnemonics in Dermatology

Generalized Skin Hyperpigmentation

"With generalized, none of the skin is SPARED"

Sunlight

Pregnancy

Addison's disease

Renal failure

Excess iron (haemochromatosis)

Drugs (e.g. amiodarone, minocycline)

Painful Cutaneous Nodules

BENGAL CO.

Blue rubber bleb nevus

Eccrine spiradenoma

Neurilemmoma/Neuroma

Glomus tumor

Angiolipoma/Angioleiomyoma/Angiosarcoma

Leiomyoma

Cutaneous endometriosis/Calcinosis cutis

Osteoma cutis

White Patch of Skin

"Vitiligo PATCH"

Vitiligo

Pityriasis alba/Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation

Age related hypopigmentation (e.g. idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis)

Tinea versicolor, Tuberous sclerosis (ash-leaf macules)

Congenital birthmark (e.g. Hypomelanosis of Ito)

Hansen's disease (leprosy)

Common Causes of Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis

VASCULITIS

Viral (e.g. Hepatitis B and C)

Autoimmune (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis)

Streptococci, Staphylococci, Henoch-Schönlein purpura

Cryoglobulins, Cryofibrinogens, Churg Strauss/Wegener's granulomatosis

Ulcerative colitis, urticarial vasculitis

Lymphoproliferative disease (hairy cell leukemia)

Infectious (endocarditis, meningococcemia, gonococcemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever)

Thiazides, phenothiazines, and other drugs

Immune complex reactions, iodides, idiopathic

Sulfa drugs (septra), penicillin, and other antibiotics

Non-scarring alopecia

TOP HAT

Telogen effluvium, Tinea capitis

Out of iron, zinc

Physical-trichotillomania, traction alopecia

Hormonal-hypothyroidism, androgenic

Autoimmune-alopecia areata, anagen effluvium

Toxins-heavy metals, chemotherapy

Erythema Nodosum

NODOSUM5

NO cause is found in 60% of cases

Drug (iodides, bromides, sulfonamides)

Oral contraceptives

Sarcoidosis or. Löfgren's syndrome

Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, Behçet's

Microbiology: any chronic infection (bacterial, viral, yersinia, tuberculosis, leprosy, deep fungal)

Behcet's syndrome: Diagnostic Criteria

PROSE

Pathergy test

Recurrent genital ulceration

Oral ulceration (recurrent)

Skin lesions (e.g. erythema nodosum, subcutaneous throm-bophlebitis, cutaneous hypersensitivity)

Eye lesions (e.g. iridocyclitis, chorioretinitis)

• Oral ulceration is central criterion, plus any 2 others

Focal Dermal Hypoplasia Syndrome/Goltz syndrome

FOCAL

Female sex (85-90%)6

Osteopathia striata

Coloboma

Absent ecto-, meso-, and neuro-dermis elements

Lobster claw deformity

SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) Diagnosis

SOAP BRAIN MD

Serositis

Oral/nasal ulcers

Arthritis

Photosensitivity

Blood (cytopenia)

Renal involvement

ANA

Immune (typical antibodies e.g. dsDNA, anti-Sm)

Neurologic (e.g. seizures, stroke)

Malar rash

Discoid rash

• 4 out of 11 criteria needed for diagnosis

Henoch-Schonlein purpura: signs and symptoms

NAPA

Nephritis

Arthritis, arthralgias

Purpura , palpable (especially on lower extremities)

Abdominal pain (intussusception to be ruled out)

Saturday, 26 November 2016

Dermatology

1...ectyoma gangrenosa is dt??? pseudomonas
2...paracetamol causes ???photoTOXICITY
3...wavelength f uv-A???
   250- 280 nm
4..vit d produced max in???  stratum basale
5...in acne comadone lenoleic acid level??? decrease....
6...carpet track sign seen in??? DLE

Sunday, 10 July 2016

Dermatological signs

Frequently asked Dermatological signs

•Asboe Hansen Sign (Bulla Spread Sign): Pemphigus

• Carpet Tack sign:  DLE

•Cerebiform Tongue sign: Pemphigus Vegitans

•Coup D Lounge sign: Tinea Versicolor

•Crowe sign: Axillary freckling in Neurofibromatosis

•Fitzpatrick sign: Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans

•Dubios sign: Congenital syphilis

•Hertoghes sign: Loss of lateral 1/3 of eyebrow in Atopic Dermatitis

•Leser Trelat sign: Appearance of large number of Seborrheic keratoses

•Ollendroff sign: Tender papule in Secondary syphilis

•Pillow sign: Patient sees hair on pillow on getting up at morning. (ALOPECIA)

• Shawl sign: Erythema overback and shoulders in  Dermatomyositis

•Pseudomonas in ‘ Hot-tub folliculitis’

•Pseudomonas in  ‘Ecthyma gangrenosum’

•HSV (Herpes simplex virus) on the head and neck of young wrestlers ‘Herpes gladiatorum’

•HSV Eczema

•HSV (Herpes simplex virus)  on the digits of health care workers ‘Herpetic whitlow’

•‘Impetigo contagiosa’ is caused by Strep Pyogenes

•‘Bullous impetigo’ is due to S aureus

•‘Swimmer’s itch’ in skin surface is exposed to water infested with freshwater avian schistosomes.

•‘Bacillary angiomatosis’ by Bartonella henselae.

•‘Verruca peruana’ is caused by Bartonella bacilliformis

•Human papillomavirus may cause singular warts ‘verruca vulgaris’

•Human papillomavirus with warts in the anogenital area ‘condylomata acuminata’

•‘Erysipelas is due to Strep Pyogenes

• Mycobacterium leprae  may be associated with cutaneous ulcerations in patients with lepromatous leprosy related to  ‘Lucio’s phenomenon’

•‘Cellulitis’ may be caused by indigenous flora colonizing the skin and appendages  by  S aureus and S pyogenes

• ‘Necrotizing fasciitis’, formerly called streptococcal gangrene, may be associated with group A Streptococcus or mixed aerobicanaerobic bacteria  or may occur as part of gas gangrene caused by Clostridium perfringens.

Monday, 4 April 2016

Dermatology signs

Important Dermatology signs

[ 1] Nikolskiy- pemphigus, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, Toxic Epidermal necrolysis (pseudo-nikolskiy). Refers to easy peeling of skin on applying tangential pressure over a bony prominence on perilesional skin.

[2 ] Asboe-Hansen sign/Bulla spread sign : Enlargement of bulla by applying finger pressure to bulla in patients with pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid.

In pemphigus, blister extends angularly while in BP, it extends in oval fashion.

Extra edge fact: Rare causes of bulla spread sign are- other subepidermal blisters like dermatitis herpetiformis, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, cicatricial pemphigoid, dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Also seen in drug reactions like Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Negative in SSSS and PF as in these disorders blisters are very fragile

[3 ] Auspitz sign: described in psoriasis, where there is pinpoint bleeding on removal of scales from the lesions of psoriasis.
The test by which Auspitz sign is elicited is called as Grattage test (scratching). It is attributed to parakeratosis, suprapapillary thinning of the stratum malphighii, elongation of dermal papillae and dilatation and tortuosity of the papillary capillaries. The thin membrane visible after removal of all scales from the lesion is called bulkeley membrane.  However, Auspitz sign is not sensitive or specific for psoriasis. It is not seen in inverse psoriasis; pustular, erythrodermic psoriasis; guttate psoriasis. Not specific because it is also seen in nonpsoriatic scaling disorders, including Darier's disease and actinic keratosis.

[ 4] Button  hole sign: In type 1 neurofibromatosis, neurofibromas can be invaginated with the tip of index finger back into the subcutis and again reappear after release of pressure. Other condition where one can find positive buttonhole sign is dermatofibroma.

[ 5] Carpet tac sign/ tin tack sign/ cats tongue sign: When the adherent scale is removed from the lesions of discoid lupus erythematosus, the undersurface of the scale shows horny plugs that have occupied dilated hair follicles. This sign is also seen in seborrheic dermatitis

[6 ] Darier's sign: Rubbing a lesion of mastocytoma causes urticaria, flare, swelling. In contrast, pseudo-Darer's sign is seen in smooth muscle hamartoma where there is increase in induration and piloerection after firm stroking. Other conditions where one could find positive Darier's sign are leukemia cutis, juvenile xanthogranuloma, and Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

[7 ] Dory Flop sign: It is described in relation to syphilitic chancre on the coronal border of the prepucial skin in an uncircumscribed male, whereupon on retracting the foreskin the entire ulcer flips out all at once because it is too hard to bend due to underlying button like induration.

[8 ] Groove sign: seen in lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV).  Enlargement of both inguinal and femoral group of lymph nodes separated by inguinal ligament produces a groove known as the "Groove sign of Greenblatt."

[9 ] Hanging curtain sign: It is seen in patients with pityriasis rosea. When the skin is stretched across the long axis of the herald patch, the scale is noted to be attached at one end and free at the other end, and stretches like hanging curtain

[ 10]  Scratch sign: In Pityriasis versicolor often the scale is not visible. An important diagnostic clue may be the loosing of barely perceptible scale with a fingernail, which is called as the scratch sign. This sign may be negative if patient has taken recent bath or in case of treated lesion, in which case, only hypopigmentation persists.

[11] Bushke-ollendorf sign/Deep dermal tenderness: This is a sign to be elicited in case of secondary syphilis and cutaneous vasculitis, where there is deep dermal tenderness on pressing the lesion (e.g., papular lesions of syphilis) with a pinhead

Compiled by Dr. Saurabh Jindal

Monday, 18 January 2016

UV Radiation

UV Radiation and SKIN
UVR is subdivided into ultraviolet A [UVA (315–400 nm)], ultraviolet B [UVB (280–315 nm)] and ultraviolet C [UVC (100–280 nm)].

Types of ultraviolet radiation and their General properties-

Ultraviolet A radiation (UVA)

-Approximately 90–99% reaches the earth’s surface
-Is not filtered by the stratospheric ozone layer in the atmosphere
-Long wavelength & low energy- can penetrate deeper into the skin
-Once considered harmless, but now believed to be harmful if one has excessive and long-term exposure
-Causes aging of the skin; induces immediate and persistent pigmentation (tanning)
-Passes through glass

Ultraviolet B radiation (UVB)

-Approximately 1–10% reaches the earth’s surface
-Filtered by the stratospheric ozone layer in the atmosphere
-Short wavelength & high energy- can penetrate the upper layers of the epidermis
-Responsible for causing sunburns, tanning, wrinkling, photoaging and skin cancer
-Carcinogenic and a thousand times more effective in causing sunburns than UVA
-Does not pass through glass

Ultraviolet C radiation (UVC)

-Filtered by the stratospheric ozone layer in the atmosphere before reaching earth
-Major artificial sources are germicidal lamps
-Burns the skin and causes skin cancer

Friday, 2 October 2015

Melanoma

MELANOMA


Most agreessive malignant cutaneous tumor((epidermal melanocytes))

COMMON:::
MC in whites>blacks
MC type in dark skin-acral lentiginous
MC type-superficial spreading
LESS common-lentigo malignan/hutchinson melanotic freckle
LEAST common-acral lentiginous type

SEX:::
females-lentigomaligna
males-nodular

AGE:
old age-lentigo maligna(indolent lesion on face)
young age-nodular


SITES:::
head and neck-superficial spreading
mucosa-nodular
face-lentigo maligna
palms & soles-acral lentiginous
GIT-amelanotic melanoma

RISK FACTORS:::
UVL,albinism,naevus,xeroderma pigmentosa,h/o skin cancer

SUNEXPOSURE:::
Related-superficial spreading,lentigo maligna
unrelated-acral lentiginous
MALIGNANT:::
most-nodular
least-lentigomaligna

GROWTH:::
horizintal/radial-superficial spreading,lentigo maligna,acral lentigenous
vertical /deep spreading-nodular


CLINICAL FEATURES::: ABCDE
A-asymmetry
B-border irregularity
C-colour variation
D-diameter>6mm
E-elevation


☆☆☆NOTE☆☆☆
Earliear SUBUNGUAL MELANOMA was thought to be a type of acral lentigenous but now it is considered as superficial spreading type....it involves nail plate matrix(NOT NAL PLATE) called as HUTCHINSON SIGN
☀MC spread-lymphatics
☀MC site of metastasis-liver


☀PROGNOSIS:::CLARKES & BRESLOW
Single most imp prognostic factor-depth of invasion
BEST-lentigo maligna melanoma
BETER-superficial spreading
POOREST-nodular
WORST-amelanotic melanoma>>>>acral lentigenous


TUMOR MARKERS::
MELANIN-A
S 100
VIMENTIN
HMB 45
LDH
NOTE:: NEGATIVE FOR CYTOKERATIN 20

INVESTIGATION:::
excision biopsy
FNAC
U/S abdomen
chest X-ray
SLNB

RX:::
primary-wide exicision
LN 2°-regional block dissection
recurrent melanoma-MELPHALAN

MOST AGRESSIVE-nodular melanoma✔
MOST DANGEROUS-amelanotic melanoma

Credits :Dr.@nu

Monday, 21 September 2015

Dermatology Questions

MCQs

1) Most common organism causing tinea- Trichophyton rubrum

2) Most common organism causing tinea capitis- Trichophyton violaceum

3) Most common cranial nerve involved in Hansens- facial

4) Most common nerve taken for nerve biopsy in Hansens- radial cutaneous (upper limb), sural (lower limb)5

) Most common cause of mononeuritis multiplex - Hansen (India), DM (world)

6) Most common cause of ENL- LL> BL7) Most common cause of a negative  Slit skin smear in Hansen- neural leprosy

8)  Cause of Type 1 reaction- BB> BT> BL

9)  DOC for type 1 and type 2 reaction- steroids

10) DOC for chronic, recurrent ENL- thalidomide

11) Most common side effect of dapsone- hemolytic anemia

12) Most common side effect of clofazimine- pigmentation

13) Most common cause of inverted saucer lesion- borderline leprosy

14) Most common cause of leonine facies- LL

15) Earliest sensation lost- temperature

16) Most common Hansen- Borderline Tuberculoid

17) Commonest site for Fixed drug eruption (FDE)- lips

18) DOC for tinea - terbinafine

19) DOC for tinea capitis- griseofulvin

20) Most common type of onychomycosis – Distal and lateral onychomycosis (In HIV, the most common type is proximal subungual onychomycosis and superficial whiteonychomycosis)

21) DOC for sporotrichosis- itraconazole> potassium iodide

22) Most common cause of reactive arthritis- Chlamydia> Shigella

23) Most common Psoriatic arthritis- oligoarticular, asymmetric.

24) DOC for psoriatic arthritis- Methotrexate

25) DOC for arthritis mutilans- etanercept

26) DOC for guttate ps- antibiotics

27) DOC for erythrodermic psoriasis- Methotrexate

28) DOC for pustular psoarisis- Acitretin

29) DOC for early mycosis fungoides- Electron beam therapy > Phototherapy

30) Most common type of pemphigus- pemphigus vulgaris

31) Rarest type of pemphigus- pemphigus vegetans

32) DOC for Dermatiis herpetiformis- Dapsone

33) Most classical joint involved in Psoriatic Arthritis- DIP

34) Most common cause of non bullous impetigo- strepto> staph

35) Most common cause of bullous impetigo- staph

36) Most common underlying disease in kaposis varicelliform eruption - atopic dermatitis

37) Most common site of adult atopic dermatitis- ante cubital fossa

38) Most common site of pediatric atopic dermatitis- cheek

39) Most common cause of cumulative Irritant contact dermatitis- detergents, Wet work

40) Most commonest cause of Allergic contact dermatitis-nickel

41) Most common cause of air borne contact dermatitis- parthenium

42) DOC for air borne contact dermatitis - azathioprine

43) Most common layer of epidermis for lamellar body presence- granular layer

44) Most common layer for synthesis of vitamin D ( Also same answer for presence of langerhans cells)- spinous layer

45) Thickest layer of epidermis- corneum

46) Thinnest layer of epidermis- granular

47) Most common cause of acute paronychia- staph

48) Most common cause of chronic paronychia-candida

49) Most common syphilis transmitted by sexual route- primary

50) Most common syphilis transmitted from infected mother- secondary

51) Most infectious lesion in syphilis- mucous patches

52) Most sensitive test in syphilis- Enzyme Immunoassay> TPPA > FTA-abs

53) Most specific test in syphilis- TPPA> TPHA

54) DOC for chancroid- azithro

55) DOC for LGV and donovanosis- doxy

56) DOC for syphilis in pregnancy- penicillin

57) DOC for urethral discharge and cervical discharge (syndromic management)- azithro+ cefixime

58) DOC for vaginal disch (syndromic management)- fluconazole + secnidazole/metro/tinidazole

59) DOC for bubo (syndromic management)- azithro+ doxy

60) DOC for genital ulcer (syndromic management)- if vesicle - acyclovir,  if not azithro+ benzathine penicillin

61) DOC for neurosyphilis- crystalline aqueous penicillin

62) DOC for penicillin allergy in syphilis- doxy

63) DOC for penicillin allergy in syphilis in pregnancy- desensitization

64) DOC for penicillin allergy in neurosyphilis- desensitization

65) DOC for Impetigo herpetiformis- steroids

66) Investigation of choice in primary syphilis- dark ground illumination

67) Most common cutaneous TB- lupus vulgaris (In children, it is Scrofuloderma)

68) Test of choice for lupus vulgaris- biopsy

69) Most common organism for p versicolor now in India- Malassezia globosa

70) Most common  internal organ inv in leprosy- testis

71) Organ never inv in leprosy- uterus> CNS72) Sensation never lost in hansens- propioception, vibration

73) DOC for Post herpetic neuralgia- Gabapentin

74) Most characteristic of LP on histopathology- basal cell degeneration

75) Best time to read patch test- 4 days

76) Commonest drug for FDE- sulphonamides

77) Commonest cause of Erythema Multiforme- HSV

78) Commonest cause of SJS/TEN- drugs (NSAIDS, anti epileptic,  sulphonamides,  penicillin)

79) DOC for scabies- 5% permethrin

80) DOC for scabies in pregnancy- 5% permethrin

81) DOC for nodular scabies- permethrin+ steroids

82) DOC for nerve abscess- I and D

83) DOC for nodulocystic acne- oral isotretinoin

84) DOC for hormonal acne- OCP with  drosperinone+ estrogens

85) DOC for pediculosis corporis- disinfection of clothes

86) DOC for head louse- 1% permethrin

87) DOC for norwegian scabies- ivermectin

88) Most common shape of burrow in  scabies- S-shaped

89) Most common and earliest manifestation of tuberous sclerosis- ash leaf macule> adenoma sebaceum

90) Earliest manifestation of congenital syphilis- snuffles

91) Best blood test for congenital syphilis- FTA-ABS IgM

92) Most common site for morphoea- limbs

93) Most common cause for salt and pepper skin pigmentation- scleroderma

94) Most common cause of acanthosis nigricans- obesity

95) Most severe form of psoriasis- Von zumbusch

96) Most common melanoma-  superficial spreading melanoma

97) Poorest prognosis in melanoma- nodular

98) Most common type of BCC- noduloulcerative

99) Most common cause of hypopigmented, scaly patches on cheek of children- Pityriasis alba

100) Most common cause of hypopigmented, nonscaly, atrophic patches on cheek of endemic area children- indeterminate hansens

101) Investigation of choice for neurosyphilis- CSF-VDRL

102) Most common type of oral LP- reticulate / white lacy pattern

103) DOC for localised alopecia areata- intralesional steroids

104) Most effective drug in alopecia areata- contact sensitizers

105) commonest autoimmune association in vitiligo- thyroid

106) Commonest agent for leucoderma- paratertiary butyl phenol (PTBP)

107) Commonest agent for hair dye allergic contact dermatitis- paraphenylene diamine (PPD)

108) Commonest agent for footwear allergic contact dermatitis- Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT)

109) Investigation of choice for Air borne contact dermatitis- photo patch test

110) Commonest extra genital site for primary chancre- lips

111) Commonest cause of recurrent blisters on genitals (healing with hyperpigmentation- FDE) ( if not then herpes genitalis)

112) Commonest vitiligo- Vitiligo vulgaris

113) Most common cause of erythema nodosum- Strepococcus.

114) Most common cause of patchy alopecia- Alopecia areata

115) DOC for rosacea- Metronidazole (topical), Doxy (Oral)

116) Commonest site for primary syphilis chancre- Coronal sulcus

117) First test to become positive in primary syphilis- FTA-Abs

118) Characteristic nail change in LP- Pterygium

119) Commonest cause of apple jelly nodules- Lupus vulgaris

120) Commonest cause of hypopigmented, minimally scaly macules and patches on chest and back of young adults- P. versicolor

Thursday, 6 August 2015

Derma high yield notes

1) Most common organism causing tinea- Trichophyton rubrum

2) Most common organism causing tinea capitis- Trichophyton violaceum

3) Most common cranial nerve involved in Hansens- facial

4) Most common nerve taken for nerve biopsy in Hansens- radial cutaneous (upper limb), sural (lower limb)5

) Most common cause of mononeuritis multiplex - Hansen (India), DM (world)

6) Most common cause of ENL- LL> BL7) Most common cause of a negative  Slit skin smear in Hansen- neural leprosy

8)  Cause of Type 1 reaction- BB> BT> BL

9)  DOC for type 1 and type 2 reaction- steroids

10) DOC for chronic, recurrent ENL- thalidomide

11) Most common side effect of dapsone- hemolytic anemia

12) Most common side effect of clofazimine- pigmentation

13) Most common cause of inverted saucer lesion- borderline leprosy

14) Most common cause of leonine facies- LL

15) Earliest sensation lost- temperature

16) Most common Hansen- Borderline Tuberculoid

17) Commonest site for Fixed drug eruption (FDE)- lips

18) DOC for tinea - terbinafine

19) DOC for tinea capitis- griseofulvin

20) Most common type of onychomycosis – Distal and lateral onychomycosis (In HIV, the most common type is proximal subungual onychomycosis and superficial whiteonychomycosis)

21) DOC for sporotrichosis- itraconazole> potassium iodide

22) Most common cause of reactive arthritis- Chlamydia> Shigella

23) Most common Psoriatic arthritis- oligoarticular, asymmetric.

24) DOC for psoriatic arthritis- Methotrexate

25) DOC for arthritis mutilans- etanercept

26) DOC for guttate ps- antibiotics

27) DOC for erythrodermic psoriasis- Methotrexate

28) DOC for pustular psoarisis- Acitretin

29) DOC for early mycosis fungoides- Electron beam therapy > Phototherapy

30) Most common type of pemphigus- pemphigus vulgaris

31) Rarest type of pemphigus- pemphigus vegetans

32) DOC for Dermatiis herpetiformis- Dapsone

33) Most classical joint involved in Psoriatic Arthritis- DIP

34) Most common cause of non bullous impetigo- strepto> staph

35) Most common cause of bullous impetigo- staph

36) Most common underlying disease in kaposis varicelliform eruption - atopic dermatitis

37) Most common site of adult atopic dermatitis- ante cubital fossa

38) Most common site of pediatric atopic dermatitis- cheek

39) Most common cause of cumulative Irritant contact dermatitis- detergents, Wet work

40) Most commonest cause of Allergic contact dermatitis-nickel

41) Most common cause of air borne contact dermatitis- parthenium

42) DOC for air borne contact dermatitis - azathioprine

43) Most common layer of epidermis for lamellar body presence- granular layer

44) Most common layer for synthesis of vitamin D ( Also same answer for presence of langerhans cells)- spinous layer

45) Thickest layer of epidermis- corneum

46) Thinnest layer of epidermis- granular

47) Most common cause of acute paronychia- staph

48) Most common cause of chronic paronychia-candida

49) Most common syphilis transmitted by sexual route- primary

50) Most common syphilis transmitted from infected mother- secondary

51) Most infectious lesion in syphilis- mucous patches

52) Most sensitive test in syphilis- Enzyme Immunoassay> TPPA > FTA-abs

53) Most specific test in syphilis- TPPA> TPHA

54) DOC for chancroid- azithro

55) DOC for LGV and donovanosis- doxy

56) DOC for syphilis in pregnancy- penicillin

57) DOC for urethral discharge and cervical discharge (syndromic management)- azithro+ cefixime

58) DOC for vaginal disch (syndromic management)- fluconazole + secnidazole/metro/tinidazole

59) DOC for bubo (syndromic management)- azithro+ doxy

60) DOC for genital ulcer (syndromic management)- if vesicle - acyclovir,  if not azithro+ benzathine penicillin

61) DOC for neurosyphilis- crystalline aqueous penicillin

62) DOC for penicillin allergy in syphilis- doxy

63) DOC for penicillin allergy in syphilis in pregnancy- desensitization

64) DOC for penicillin allergy in neurosyphilis- desensitization

65) DOC for Impetigo herpetiformis- steroids

66) Investigation of choice in primary syphilis- dark ground illumination

67) Most common cutaneous TB- lupus vulgaris (In children, it is Scrofuloderma)

68) Test of choice for lupus vulgaris- biopsy

69) Most common organism for p versicolor now in India- Malassezia globosa

70) Most common  internal organ inv in leprosy- testis

71) Organ never inv in leprosy- uterus> CNS72) Sensation never lost in hansens- propioception, vibration

73) DOC for Post herpetic neuralgia- Gabapentin

74) Most characteristic of LP on histopathology- basal cell degeneration

75) Best time to read patch test- 4 days

76) Commonest drug for FDE- sulphonamides

77) Commonest cause of Erythema Multiforme- HSV

78) Commonest cause of SJS/TEN- drugs (NSAIDS, anti epileptic,  sulphonamides,  penicillin)

79) DOC for scabies- 5% permethrin

80) DOC for scabies in pregnancy- 5% permethrin

81) DOC for nodular scabies- permethrin+ steroids

82) DOC for nerve abscess- I and D

83) DOC for nodulocystic acne- oral isotretinoin

84) DOC for hormonal acne- OCP with  drosperinone+ estrogens

85) DOC for pediculosis corporis- disinfection of clothes

86) DOC for head louse- 1% permethrin

87) DOC for norwegian scabies- ivermectin

88) Most common shape of burrow in  scabies- S-shaped

89) Most common and earliest manifestation of tuberous sclerosis- ash leaf macule> adenoma sebaceum

90) Earliest manifestation of congenital syphilis- snuffles

91) Best blood test for congenital syphilis- FTA-ABS IgM

92) Most common site for morphoea- limbs

93) Most common cause for salt and pepper skin pigmentation- scleroderma

94) Most common cause of acanthosis nigricans- obesity

95) Most severe form of psoriasis- Von zumbusch

96) Most common melanoma-  superficial spreading melanoma

97) Poorest prognosis in melanoma- nodular

98) Most common type of BCC- noduloulcerative

99) Most common cause of hypopigmented, scaly patches on cheek of children- Pityriasis alba

100) Most common cause of hypopigmented, nonscaly, atrophic patches on cheek of endemic area children- indeterminate hansens

101) Investigation of choice for neurosyphilis- CSF-VDRL

102) Most common type of oral LP- reticulate / white lacy pattern

103) DOC for localised alopecia areata- intralesional steroids

104) Most effective drug in alopecia areata- contact sensitizers

105) commonest autoimmune association in vitiligo- thyroid

106) Commonest agent for leucoderma- paratertiary butyl phenol (PTBP)

107) Commonest agent for hair dye allergic contact dermatitis- paraphenylene diamine (PPD)

108) Commonest agent for footwear allergic contact dermatitis- Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT)

109) Investigation of choice for Air borne contact dermatitis- photo patch test

110) Commonest extra genital site for primary chancre- lips

111) Commonest cause of recurrent blisters on genitals (healing with hyperpigmentation- FDE) ( if not then herpes genitalis)

112) Commonest vitiligo- Vitiligo vulgaris

113) Most common cause of erythema nodosum- Strepococcus.

114) Most common cause of patchy alopecia- Alopecia areata

115) DOC for rosacea- Metronidazole (topical), Doxy (Oral)

116) Commonest site for primary syphilis chancre- Coronal sulcus

117) First test to become positive in primary syphilis- FTA-Abs

118) Characteristic nail change in LP- Pterygium

119) Commonest cause of apple jelly nodules- Lupus vulgaris

120) Commonest cause of hypopigmented, minimally scaly macules and patches on chest and back of young adults- P. versicolor

Thursday, 25 June 2015

Urticaria

Papular urticaria is a common and often annoying disorder manifested by chronic or recurrent papules caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to the bites of mosquitoes, fleas, bedbugs, and other insects. Individual papules may surround a wheal and display a central punctum.
Although the overall incidence rate is unknown, papular urticaria tends to be evident during spring and summer months.
This eruption is primarily self-limited, and children eventually outgrow this disease, probably through desensitization after multiple arthropod exposures. However, adults can be affected, but at a much lower rate.

Etiology 
Papular urticaria is generally regarded to be the result of a hypersensitivity to bites from insects,such as mosquitoes, gnats, fleas, mites,bedbugs, caterpillars, and moths. However, it is unusual to identify an actual culprit in any given patient.One specific mite causing it is Peymotes ventricosus.
It is also known as the “grain itch”, “barley itch”, “straw itch”, “hay itch” and “mattress itch”.

Histology
The histopathologic pattern in papular urticaria consists of mild subepidermal edema, extravasation of erythrocytes, interstitial eosinophils, and exocytosis of lymphocytes.

Immunology
Immunohistochemical evidence suggest that a type I hypersensitivity reaction plays a central role in the pathogenesis of papular urticaria. The reaction is thought to be caused by a hematogenously disseminated antigen deposited by an arthropod bite in a patient who is sensitive. This theory is supported by the fact that these lesions can and often do occur in areas away from the bites. The putative antigen is unknown.

Clinical features
The eruption is characterized by crops of symmetrically distributed pruritic papules and papulovesicles. The lesions can also appear in an area localized to the site of insect bites, but they occur on any body part. The lesions tend to be grouped on exposed areas, particularly the extensor surfaces of the extremities. Scratching may produce erosions and ulcerations. Secondary impetigo or pyoderma is common.

Treatment
Its treatment is conservative and is symptomatic in most cases. Mild topical steroids and systemic antihistamines for relief of the itching. When severe enough use of short-term systemic corticosteroids is warranted. If secondary impetigo occurs, topical or systemic antibiotics may be needed.

Prevention
Use of insect repellents while the patient is outside and the use of flea and tick control on indoor pets are required when these individuals are being treated for papular urticaria.
Rigorous use of an effective insecticide may prevent insect bites and, accordingly, papular urticaria. Insecticides containing diethyltoluamide (DEET) are among the most beneficial.

Vitilligo

Vitiligo lesions are characterized as follows:
White or hypopigmented, well demarcated
(Round, oval, or linear in shape
Borders may be convex).
Centrifugal enlargement.
Initial lesions occur most frequently on the hands, forearms, feet, and face, favoring a perioral and periocular distribution.

Clinical classifications
Vitiligo can be classified as follows:
1.Localized
2.Generalized
3.Universal

Localized vitiligo can exist in the following forms:
A.Focal: Characterized by 1 or more macules in 1 area.
B.Segmental: Manifests as 1 or more macules in a dermatomal or quasidermatomal pattern; occurs most commonly in children; more than half the patients with segmental vitiligo have patches of white hair or poliosis.
C. Mucosal: Mucous membranes alone are affected.

Generalized vitiligo can manifest as the following:
A.Acrofacial: Depigmentation occurs on the distal fingers and periorificial areas.

B.Vulgaris: Characterized by scattered patches that are widely distributed.

C.Mixed: Acrofacial and vulgaris vitiligo occur in combination, or segmental and acrofacial vitiligo and/or vulgaris involvement are noted in combination.

Universal vitiligo results in complete or nearly complete depigmentation. It is often associated with multiple endocrinopathy syndrome.

Diagnosis
Although the diagnosis of vitiligo is made on the basis of clinical findings, biopsy is occasionally helpful for differentiating vitiligo from other hypopigmentary disorders.
Microscopic examination of involved skin shows a complete absence of melanocytes in association with a total loss of epidermal pigmentation. Superficial perivascular and perifollicular lymphocytic infiltrates may be observed at the margin of vitiliginous lesions, consistent with a cell-mediated process destroying melanocytes.

Other documented histologic findings include the following:
Degenerative changes in keratinocytes and melanocytes in the border lesions and adjacent skin.
Epidermal vacuolization.
Loss of pigment and melanocytes in the epidermis is highlighted by Fontana-Masson staining and immunohistochemistry testing.
Woods lamp examination can be done.

Management
A. Medical treatments-
Systemic phototherapy: Induces cosmetically satisfactory repigmentation in up to 70% of patients with early or localized disease.

Steroid therapy: Systemic steroids (prednisone) have been used, although prolonged use and their toxicity are undesirable.

Topical therapies includes steroids, tacrolimus, pimecrolimus, vitamin D analogs.

Depigmentation therapy: If vitiligo is widespread and attempts at repigmentation have not produced satisfactory results, depigmentation may be attempted in selected patients.

Another innovation is therapy with an excimer laser, which produces monochromatic rays at 308 nm to treat limited, stable patches of vitiligo.

Micropigmentation: can be used to repigment depigmented skin in dark-skinned individuals.

B. Surgery
Types of repigmentation surgery are as follow:
1. Noncultured epidermal melanocytic transfer.
2. Thin dermoepidermal grafts.
3. Suction epidermal grafting.
4.Punch minigrafting.
5.Cultured epidermis with melanocytes or cultured melanocyte transfer.

Thursday, 9 April 2015

Appearances In Dermatology

🍍ANTLER LIKE/STAG HORN APPEARANCE- downling degos disease
🍍BOX SHAPED/SQUARED OFF APPEARANCE- indurative stage of morphea/localised scleroderma
🍍BUSY DERMIS APPEARANCE- histiocytoma
🐪CAMEL FOOT APPEARANCE/ACANTHOSIS-plaque type psoriasis
🏀CANNON BALL APPEARANCE-angioblastoma
🍗CHICKEN WIRE/🐠FISH NET PATTERN-p.vulgaris
🍍CHURCH SPIRE APPEARANCE-hyperkeratotic seborrheic keratosis
🍍CLAW CLUTCHING BALL APPEARANCE-lichen nitidus
🍍CLOCK FACE/CART WHEEL-plasma cell
🍍COAT SLEEVE APPEARANCE- primary and secondary lesions of syphilis
🍍CRIBRIFORM APPEARANCE-trichoepithelioma
🍍DILAPIDATED BRICK WALL-hailey hailey disease
🍍FESTOONED PAPILLAE-prorphyria cutaneous tarda
🍍FLAME THROWER LIKE-vertical section of telogen hair shaft
🍳FRIED EGG-mastocystosis,neurofibroma
🍍JIG SAW PUZZLE-cylindroma
🍍MARINERS PILOT WHEEL-brazilian blastomycosis
🍍MORULA LIKE-protothecosis
🔮ONION SKIN LIKE-pacinian corpuscle
👀OWLS EYE APPEARANCE-verucca plana
🎨PAINT BRUSH LIKE-penicilium marneffei
🍍PALISADING APPEARANCE-BCC
🍍PICKET FENCE APPEARNACE-dermatitis herpetiformis
🍍RAVELLED WOOL-pseudoxanthoma elasticum
🍍SAFETY PIN-donovanosis
🍍SAW TOOTH APPEARANCE-lichen planus
🍅SEPTATE TOMATO APPEARANCE-molluscum contagiosum
🍍SIEVE LIKE-kaposis
🍖SPAGHETTI AND MEAT BALL/🍌BANANA $🍇GRAPE LIKR-pitryasis versicolor
🍍STORIFORM-dermatofibrosarvoma protuberance
🍍SWARM OF BEES-alopecia areata
🍣SWISS CHEESE-sclerosing lipogranuloma
🍍TADPOLE/COMMO SHAPED-syringoma
📞TELEPHONE HANDLE-deep nucleus of eosinophil
🍍TISSUE CULTURE LIKE-nodular fascitis
🍍TOMB STONE-p.vulgaris
🍍TRILAYERED/STRIPED-lichen sclerosis
🍍WIND BLOWN-bowens disease

Wednesday, 8 April 2015

Skin tests

Skin test--
Ito test-chanchroid
Farley t.-schistosomiasis
Frets t.-lgv.
Casino i.d test-echinococcus.
Kveim sitzback test-sarcoidosis.
Montenegro t.-leshmaniasis.

Sepsis with Skin Findings


Meningococcemia----------------N. meningitidis ---------Penicillin

or

Ceftriaxone

Consider protein C replacement in fulminant meningococcemia.

Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF--------------Rickettsia rickettsii

Doxycycline If both meningococcemia and RMSF are being considered, use ceftriaxone plus doxycycline or

chloramphenicol alone .If RMSF is diagnosed, doxycycline is the proven superior agent.

Purpura fulminans---------------------- S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, N. meningitidis Ceftriaxone

Vancomycin
If a -lactam–sensitive strain is identified, vancomycin can be discontinued.

Erythroderma: toxic shock syndrome ---------Group A Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus

Warts

🚦🚦WARTS $ HPV TYPES🚦🚦

🚦DEEP PLANTAR/PALMAR(MYRMECIA) WART- HPV 1(MOST COMMON),2,4,60

🚦MOSAIC WART-2

🚦COMMON WART/VERRUCA VULGARIS(MC)- HPV 2(MC),4>27,29

🚦PLANE WART- HPV 3,10>28,41(RISK OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA),49

🚦EPIDERMODYSPLASIA VERRUCIFORMIS-HPV 5,8(BOTH R RISK OF SCC)>9,12,14(RISK OF SCC),15,17,19,20(RISK OF SCC),25,36,38,47,50,51

🚦LARYNGEAL PAPILLOMA-HPV 6,11,30(LARYNGEAL CARCINOMA)

🚦ANOGENITAL WART/CONDYLOMA ACCUMINATA-HPV 6,11(LOW ONCOGENIC),30,42,43
16,18,31,33,35,39,40,45,52-60 ARE HIGH ONCOGENIC $ CAUSES INVASIVE TYPE OF CERVICAL/PENILE/VULVAL NEOPLASIA

🚦BUTCHERS WART-7

🚦BUSCHKE LOWENSTEIN TUMOR IN HPV 54

Tuesday, 24 February 2015

Psoriatric Arthritis

Important points on Psoriatic Arthritis from Harrison 18th edition

1) Nail changes occur in 90% of patients with psoriatic arthritis, compared
to 40% in psoriatic patients without arthritis.
2) The subtype of psoriasis associated with severe arthritis is Pustular
Psoariasis.
3) Shortening of digitis(telescoping) because of underlying osteolysis is
characteristic of psoriatic arthritis.
4) Associated nail changes are-pitting, horizontal ridging, onycholysis, yellowish
discoloration of nail margins, dystrophic hyperkeratosis.
5) Distal interphalangeal joint involvement produces the classic “pencil in cup”
deformity.
6) The “Wright and Moll classification” as well as “CASPAR Criteria” are for Psoriatic Arthritis

Tuesday, 30 December 2014

Nail changes

NAIL CHANGES IN DERMATOLOGY :

Darier’s disease – Red streak lines

Pitting of nail , longitudinal ridging & oil drop sign – Psoriasis

Cris cross black lines on nail plate known as Hutchinson nail – Malignant melanoma

Mees line -Chronic Arsenic poisoning

Lichen planus -Pterygium

Half and half nail-Chronic renal failure

Muehrcke lines – Severe Hypoalbuminemia

Friday, 5 December 2014

Dermatology signs

Eponymous signs in dermatology - Albright's dimple sign

This is seen in Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy in which there is presence of a dimple over the knuckle of the typically affected fourth metacarpal and can be enhanced by clenching of the fist.[3,4]

Antenna sign

It is seen in keratosis pilaris in which individual follicles show a long strand of keratin glinting when examined in tangentially incident light.[5]

Asboe-Hansen sign (Blister spread sign)

Gustav Asboe Hansen first described it in 1960, when he demonstrated enlargement of bulla by applying finger pressure to small, intact, and tense bulla in patients with pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid.[6] In the traditional bulla spread sign, pressure is applied to the blister from one side, whereas in eliciting Asboe-Hansen sign pressure is applied at the center of the blister and perpendicular to the surface due to smaller size of the lesion.

Auspitz sign

It is a celebrated sign of dermatology named after Heinrich Auspitz, described in psoriasis, where there is pinpoint bleeding on removal of scales from the lesions of psoriasis. The test by which Auspitz sign is elicited is called as Grattage test. Other dermatoses where Auspitz sign can be positive is Darier's disease and actinic keratosis.[7]

Barnett's sign (scleroderma neck sign)

It is ridging and tightening of the skin of the neck on extending the head with a visible and palpable tight band over platysma in the hyperextended neck.[8,9]

Branham's sign (Nicoladoni sign)

It is to be elicited in cases of arterio-venous fistula where there is slowing of the heart rate in response to (manual) compression.[10]

“Breakfast, lunch, and dinner” sign

The bites of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) usually follow a linear pathway in a group of three to five blood meals and are often referred to as “Breakfast, lunch, and dinner” or “Breakfast, lunch, and supper” sign.[11]

Buschke-Ollendorff sign

This is a sign to be elicited in case of secondary syphilis and cutaneous vasculitis, where there is deep dermal tenderness on pressing the lesion (e.g., papular lesions of syphilis) with a pinhead.[12]

Butterfly sign

This refers to sparing of the mid scapular region in patients having prurigo nodularis with neurodermatitis as they are unable to reach the region for scratching.[13]

Buttonhole sign

In type 1 neurofibromatosis (Von-Recklinghausen's disease), neurofibromas can be invaginated with the tip of index finger back into the subcutis and again reappear after release of pressure.[14] Other condition where one can find positive buttonhole sign are anetoderma and dermatofibroma.

Carpet tack sign (Tin tack sign, Cat tongue sign)

When the adherent scale is removed from the lesions of discoid lupus erythematosus, the undersurface of the scale shows horny plugs that have occupied patulous hair follicles. This sign is also seen in seborrheic dermatitis.[7]

Chagas–Mazza–Romaña's sign

In about eighty percent of cases of Chagas’ disease (American trypanosomiasis), conjunctiva is the portal of entry for Trypanosoma Cruzi. Unilateral swelling of eyelids and orbit after conjunctival inoculation is called as eye-sign or Chagas–Mazza–Romaña's sign or Romaña's sign.[15]

Coral bead sign

Papules seen around the nail fold in multicentric reticulohistiocytosis are called as coral bead sign.[16]

Coudability sign

It was first described by Shuster in cases of alopecia areata in 1984. Coudability sign is normal-looking hairs tapered at the proximal end in the perilesional hair-bearing scalp and can easily be made to kink when bent or pushed inward.[17]

Crowe's sign

Axillary freckling seen in type I neurofibromatosis is known as Crowe's sign.[18] (See also Patrick Yesudian sign)

Cullen's sign

Periumbilical ecchymosis in cases of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis and ruptured ectopic pregnancy is termed Cullen's sign. Similar changes in the flank is called as Grey-Turner sign.[19]

Deck-chair sign

It was classically described in Papulo-erythroderma of Ofuji, wherein there is flat-topped red papules that become generalized erythrodermic p

Monday, 7 April 2014

Psoriatic arthritis

important points on Psoriatic
Arthritis ;
1)Nail changes occur in 90% of
patients with psoriatic
arthritis,compared to 40% in psoriatic
patients without arthritis.
2)The subtype of psoriasis associated
with severe arthritis is Pustular
Psoariasis.
3)Shortening of digitis(telescoping)
because of underlying osteolysis is
characteristic of psoriatic arthritis.
4)Associated nail changes are-
pitting,horizontal ridging,onychol
ysis,yellowish discoloration of nail
margins,dystrophic hyperkeratosis..
5)Distal interphalangeal joint
involvement produces the classic
"pencil in cup" deformity.
6)The "Wright and Moll classification"
as well as "CASPAR Criteria" are for
Psoriatic Arthritis.
i

Monday, 10 February 2014

Behcet Disease

Behcets :Remember 5
HLA DR5/B5 systemic vasculitis
5 major -
Oral ulcers(major minor and herpetiform thrice a year,heal without scars)the pat invariably shpuld have this
Genital ulcers ( heal with scars,donot involve urethra and glans)
Skin-Erythema nodosum n acne;pseudofolliculitis
Pathergy test
Eye- Recurrent b/l hypopyon;post uveitis;retinal vasculitis

Systemic 5 -
thrombophlebitis
Pulmonary vein thrombosis
Dural vein thrombosis
Crohns like inflamm of git mucosa
Arthritis non erosive migratory sero negative
Rx: steroids