Some points

Menetrier disease

Dx: hyperplastic gastropathy with enlarged rugal folds and proliferation of mucus-producing cells of the stomach
increases mucus production leads to this "protein-losing gastroenteropathy" which causes hypoalbuminemia and peripheral edema

"Punched out" ulcers in lower segment of the esophagus. Organism?

Herpes Simplex Virus

What can Vinyl Chloride (used in the rubber industry) cause?

Angiosarcoma of the liver. It arises from blood vessels and is an extremely aggressive tumor.

What are the most important characteristics for metastatic potential in a carcinoid tumor?
Location and size

What type of epithelium is the esophagus composed of?

Nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium

What type of epithelium is found in Barret's esophagus?

Nonciliated columnar epithelium

Gastric heterotopia

small areas of normal gastric tissue found in ectopic locations, typically the small intestine
acid production can lead to ulcers which can cause GI bleeding

Omphalocele

Herniation of abdominal viscera through the abdominal wall near the umbilicus

Meconium ileus

Seen in newborns with cystic fibrosis
Infant cannot pass meconium because viscid pancreatic secretions "get stuck" in small bowel
Can lead to perforation with peritonitis

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Inflammation and fibrosis of bile ducts => alternating strictures and dilation with "beading" on ERCP
Associated with ulcerative colitis
Triad of: Jaundice, Fever, RUQ pain

Wilson Disease Lab Findings

Increased hepatic copper content
Reduced ceruloplasmin (a copper-binding protein)
Increased urinary copper excretion
Kayser-Fleischer rings in the iris

Where does Celiac disease caused the most damage

Proximal small bowel (because gluten antigens have not been digested yet)

Reye Syndrome

-Follows a viral infection (ie. Varicella or chicken pox)
-Sometimes related to ingestion of aspirin (salicylates) after a viral infection
-Messed up Macrophages lead to messed up metabolism leads to Liver and brain damage
-Liver shows microbesicular steatosis
-Brain shows edema

Patient complains of difficulty swallowing solids and liquids. What is an autoimmune explanation?

Scleroderma (Progressive Systemic Sclerosis)

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

Triad of:
1) Dysphagia (from esophageal webs in upper esophagus)
2) Atrophic glossitis
3) Iron Deficiency Anemia

Zenker's Diberticulum

False diverticulum in the upper esophagus

Where is oral squamous cell carcinoma most commonly located within the mouth.

#1: Floor of the mouth
#2: The tip of the tongue.

How do you differentiate between upper GI bleeding from esophageal varices and Mallory-Weiss tear?

-Esophageal varices usually present with no history of hematemesis.
-Mallory Weiss patients have longitudinal tears in esophagus from repeated bouts of vomiting.

Sx: Jaundice + Palpable Gallbladder (which is NOT tender) + Nonspecific symptoms (ie. abdominal pain)

Pancreatic Cancer

Melanoma Tumor Marker

S-100

Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tumor Marker

Alpha Feto-Protein and alph1-antitrypsin

Prostatic Carcinoma Tumor Marker

PSA and Prostatic Acid Phosphatase

Serous Cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary Tumor Marker

CA-125

Gastric Adenocarcinoma

CEA and Bombesin

Leukoplakia

White oral plaques with 5% chance of turning into cancer