Cardiac Tamponade

Review of cardiac tamponade
--etiology
.trauma in india
.neoplasm in west

--characteristic points
.pulsus paradoxus
.beck's triad
.kussmaul sign absent
.electrical alternans on ecg
.money bag/water bottle appearance on x ray
-RV diastolic collapse on echo

--treatment
.pericatdiocentesis thru sub xiphoid approach

--diuretics contraindicated

Imp signs

1. SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS THROMBUS IN CT surrounded by TRAINGULAR ENHANCEMENT...=delta sign
2.copper beaten appearance=raised ICT
3.rim sign= SEVERE HYDRONEPHROSIS IN NEPHROGRAM AND ACUTE COMPLETE ARTERIAL OBST
4.ADDER HEAD APPEARENCE ON IVP.=ureterocele
5. SPIDER LEG APPEARENCE= ADPKD
6. BRACKET CALCIFICATION = lipoma corpus callosum
7.tram track calcification= struge weber
8. BICONVEX HYPERDENSE IN WHICH HAEM..= EDH
9. Sinus thrombosis on ncct is known as triangle sign or cord sign.
10.Empty delta sign or negative delta sign on cect is in dural sinovenous thrombosis.
11. SWAN NECK DEFORMITY = RA
12. Swan neck . Z deformity . Boutunier or piano sign or wind swept sign = RA
13. MARTEL OF G sign = gout
14. OPERA GLASS DEFORMITY= psoriasis
15. GULL WING SIGN= erosive osteoarthritis
16. PENCIL IN CUP APPEARANCE = PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS
17.FOOTBALL SIGN = Pneumoperitoneum (SUPINE XRAY)
18. RICE GRAIN CALCIFICATION ON CT = NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS
19.KEY HOLE SIGN = Post. Urethral Valve
20.CARTWHEEL APPEARENCE ON USG= HYDATID CYST

Important Syndromes

IMPORTANT SYNDROMES ( For AIIMS &
DNB)
1.HOLIDAY HEART SYNDROME- Atrial or ventricular arrhythmia after taking binge
alcohol with no evidence of heart disease 

2.VAN GOGH SYNDROME- self mutilation in schizophrenia
3.OTHELLO SYNDROME- Psychosis in which there is jealousy involving spouse
4.CAPGRAS SYNDROME- Delusion of doubles- patient sees familiar person as
stranger
5.COTARD SYNDROME- Delusion that one has lost everything.(possessions,strength
even organs)
6.KLEINE LEVIN SYNDROME-
Hypersomnia,Hyperphagia and hypersexuality with involvement of amygdala
7.GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME-Multiple motor ticks
8.PICKWICKIAN SYNDROME- Sleep apnea seen in obese persons with hypersomnia
9.STOCK HOLM SYNDROME- Feelings of capitives towards capitor
10.GELINEAU'S SYNDROME- Narcolepsy with Hypersomnia
11.DE CLERAMBAULTS SYNDROME- Erotomania in which a female has got
conviction that a person of higher status is in love with her
12.GANSERS SYNDROME- Feature of approximate answers
13.MANCHAUSEN SYNDROME- Patient consciously produces physical symptoms of
illness
14.MANCHAUSEN SYNDROME BY PROXY- Presentation of false illness in the child by
parents
15.FREGOLI SYNDROME- different people are in fact a single person who changes
appearance or is in disguise
16.KORO SYNDROME-Obsessive fear that the genitals are shrinking, or retracting into
the body
17.ALIEN HAND SYNDROME- misattribution and belief that one's hand does not belong to oneself, but that it has its own life. CAUSED by stroke or other brain damage, particularly in the areas of the corpus callosum, or frontal or parietal
lobes.
18.LIMA SYNDROME- reverse of Stockholm syndrome

Thought disorders

THOUGHT DISORDER

DISORDER OF FORM
(Form is the structure of thought)
🔸 loosening of association
🔸 derailment
🔸 tangentiality
🔸substitution
🔸omission
🔸 transitory thinking
🔸 driveling
🔸 desultory thinking
🔸 neologisms
Poverty of speech
🔸 poverty of content of speech

DISORDER OF STREAM
(Flow of thought)
🔹Flight of ideas
🔹Thought block
🔹Circumstantiality
🔹Prolixity
🔹Thought retardation
🔹Perseveration

DISORDER OF POSSESSION
( Control of thought)
🔸Obsession and compulsion
🔸 thought insertion
🔸 thought withdrawal
🔸 thought broadcast

DISORDER OF CONTENT
(Themes)
🔹 delusion of reference
🔹persecution
🔹 grandiosity
🔹 guilt
🔹nihilism
🔹 depressive cognitions
🔹overvalued ideas

Sinuses

💥Order of appearance of the paranasal sinuses: MEFS (maxillary, ethmoid, frontal, sphenoid)
Maxillary and ethmoid present at birth.
Frontal and sphenoid develop later.

💥Frequency of sinusitis/ carcinoma in the PNS:
AgainMEFS (maxillary mc, sphenoid least common)

💥Order of appearance of the PNS on xray:
MESF
Max 4 to 5 mths
Ethmoid 1 yr
Sphenoid 4 yrs
Frontal 6 yrs.

💥Frequency of osteoma is FEMS.

Radiological appearances in vertebrae-

*Vertebra plana-Eosinophilic granuloma

*Picture frame vertebra-Osteopetrosis and Paget's

*Calcified disc-Alkaptonuria, Flurosis,Ankylosing sponylitis, Gout,Hemochromatosis.

*Fish mouth vertebrae-SCA

*Cod fish-Osteomalacia

*Rugger jersey- Renal Osteodystrophy (Alternate bands of osteoporosis and osteosclerosis)
*Ivory Phalanx-Paget'Disease and Lymphoma

Platelet function defects:

Platelet functn defects:
1.Adhesion defcts
A. Bernard soulier
B. VWD
2. Agregatn defects
A. Glanzmann
B. Chdiak higashi
C. WAS
D. TAR
E. Grey platlet synd
F. May heglin anomly
3. Acquired drugs-
A. Aspirin
B. Dipyridamol
MDS
Uremia
Paraproteinemia