Tuesday, 16 June 2015

One liners



“Thumbprint sign is seen in ischaemic colitis”
“Mercedes Benz sign is sign is seen in radiopaque gall stones”
“Double bubble sign s seen in duodenal atresia single in pyloric and multiple bubble sign is seen in ileal`jejanal atresia”
“Driven snow sign is seen in pindborgs tumor”
“Flower vase sign is seen in Horse shoe kidney”
“Vertebra plana s seen in eosinophillic granuloma”
“Rat tail oesophagus s seen in oesophagal carcinoma”
“Cork screw oesopgagus is seen in diffuse oesophagal spasm”
“Thimble bladder is seen in tb bladder”
“Sand patches in bladder are seen in schistosomiasis”
“Chain of lakes is seen in chronic pancreatitis”
“Golfhole ureter is seen in tb ureter”
“Soap bubble app is seen in osteoclastoma”
“Snowmans sign is seen in TAPVC”
“Boot shaped heart is seen in TOF”
“Tram track calcification is seen in sturge weber syndrome”
“Bilateral spider leg appearance is seen in polycystic kidneys”
“Air bronchograms are seen in consolidation”
“String of kantor is seen in crohns disease”
“Apple core sign is seen in left colon cancer”
“Snow storm appearance is seen in hydatiform mole”
“Camaleotes sign is seen in hydatid disease of liver”
“Colon cutt off sign is seen in acute pancreatitis”
“Saw tooth sign is seen in diverticulosis”
“Egg in cup appearance is seen in renal papillary necrosis”
“Codmans traingle and sunray app is seen in osteosarcoma”
“Coffee bean sign is seen in sigmoid volvulus”
“Bamboo shaped spine in ankylosing spondylitis”
“Salt and pepper skull in hyperparathyroidism”
“Strawberry gingiva is seen in wagners granulomatosis”
“Strawberry tounge is seen in scarlet fever,toxic shock syndrome and kawasakis disease"
“Strawberry cervix is seen in trachomoniasis”
“Strawberry nose is seen in rhinosporidosis”
“Strawberry skin and nasal mucosa is seen in sarcoidosis”
“Calots triangle is made superiorly by inferior border of liver,medially by common hepatic duct and inferiorly by cystic duct”
“Contents of calots triangle are lymph node of lund,right hepatic artery,cystic artery"
“Billing method of contraception is a behavioural method”
“Hasses rule is used for calculation of gestational age based on length of fetus”
“Hellens rule says twins as
1 in 80,2 in (80*80),3 in (80*80*80)
“In Mayer Rokintansky kuster Hausers syndrome ovary is normal bcos it develops from genital ridge”
“Most common cause of perinatal death in multi fetal pregnancy is prematurity”
“Most common cause of maternal death in india is hemorrhage>anemia>sepsis”
“Intersitial ectopic pregnancy ruptures later bcos of closer endometrial suppourt”
“Progesterone is common harmone in both Arias stella and decidual reaction”
“Pentoxifyline has proved to b best for treating hepatorenal syndrome”
“Amoebic ulcers are flask shaped”
“Typhoid ulcers are longitudinal”
“Tubercular ulcers are tranverse”
“Tubercular enteritis cause strictures of gut”
“Dementia is a late feature of whipples disease but bad prognostic feature”
“Ito cells containg vitamin A are present in space of disse”
“Most common site of gastrinoma is duodeneu
m psaros triangle”
“D xylose test is used to mak difference between malabsorption due to intestine and pancreas”
“D xylose will b negative in pancreatic malabsorption,malnutrition,gastrectomy”
“D xylose wl b false positive in ascites,pleural effusion,blind loop syn,renal failure”
“Alpha feto protein in normal in hepatolammelar tumour of liver but increased in h

Investigation of choice

“Investigation of choice for early renal tb is IVP”
“Inv of choice in advanced renal tb is CT”
“Inv of choice for blunt abd trauma is CT”
“Inv of choice for avascular necrosis is MRI”
“Inv of choice for cholecystitis n gall stones is ultrasound”
“Investigation of choice for bone density and osteoporosiiis DEXA bone test”
“Inv of choice for GERD is 24 hour ph metry”
“Inv of choice for VUR and posterior valves is MCU”
“Inv of choice for cytotoxic drug induced cardiotoxicity Is endomyocardial biopsy”
“Inv of choice for obstetric probs is USG”
“Inv of choice for PE is CECT>angiography>v/Q scan”
“Inv of choice for acute cerebral hemorrhage CT”
“Inv of choice for chronic cerebral hemorrhage is MRi”
“Inv of choice for posterior med tumor,pancoasts tumor,posterior cranial fossa is MRI”
“Inv of choice for subarachnoid hemmorhage diagnosis unenhanced CT”
“Inv of choice for subarachnoid hemorrhage etiology is 4vessel MR angiography”
“Inv of choice for interstitial lung disease and bronchectasis is HRCT”“
“Inv of choice for stable dissecting aneurysm is MRI”
“Inv of choice for dissecting aneurysm unstable is transoesophagal usg”
“Inv of choice for traumatic paraplegia is MRI”

Wednesday, 10 June 2015

Tuberculosis

TUBERCULOSIS
• It is also known as Koch’s disease.
• They are acid fast due to presence of mycolic acid.
• Virulence factor is “cord factor”
Two types
a) Primary tuberculosis
• Most commonly seen in children
• It is seen in unsensitised  and unexposed  individuals
• Source of organism is exogenous.
• Most common site is lung.
• most commonly  starts  as  “latent disease”.
• Unilateral hilar lymph enlargement is seen.
• Calcification, Pleural effusion, Erythema nodosum and Phlyctenular conjunctivitis are also seen.

• Some named Lesions are :
1) Ghon’s focus:-
Subpleural fibrocaseous lesion (consolidation) of lung parenchyma
  Most commonly seen at lower part of  upper lobe
Microscopically contains epithelioid  granulomatous inflammation
2) Ghon’s complex:-
Consists of Subpleural Ghon’s focus and involved lymph nodes.
  Ghon's complex found below clavicle.
3) Ranke’s complex :
Ghon’s focus along with fibrosis and calcification.
4) Simon focus
It is a tuberculous (TB) nodule formed in  lung apex.
Due to spread of primary TB infection from elsewhere in the body to  lung apex via bloodstream.

b) Post-primary (=Secondary) Pulmonary tuberculosis
• Seen in previously sensitized host due to reactivation of latent primary lesions.
• Frequently associated with decreased immune status.
• Pulmonary fibrosis and cavitation are common.
• Lymph node involvement is rare.
• Endobronchial spread along nearby airways is relatively common finding, resulting in relatively well-defined 2-4 mm nodules or branching lesions “tree-in-bud appearance” on CT.
•   Tuberculomas and miliary TB are also recognized patterns of secondary TB.
• Lesions seen are
1) Puhl’s lesion:-
• Lesion in lung apex and supraclavicular.
• No lymph node involvement.
2) Assman focus:
• Infraclavicular lesion of chronic pulmonary T.B.
Miliary pulmonary tuberculosis
• It is uncommon but carries a poor prognosis.
• It represents hematogenous dissemination of an uncontrolled tuberculous infection.
• Most commonly seen post-primary tuberculosis.
• Miliary deposits appear as 1-3 mm diameter nodules.
• Lesions are
a) Rich focus
• It is a tuberculous granuloma occurring on brain cortex.
b) Weigert’s focus :
• Subintimal foci in pulmonary vein.
c) Simond’s focus:
• Localized foci in liver.

Congenital tuberculosis
• Infection with tubercle bacilli either during intrauterine life or before complete passage through birth canal is termed as congenital tuberculosis.
• Three possible modes of infection of fetus
1) Hematogenous infection via umbilical vein
2) fetal aspiration of infected amniotic fluid
3) fetal ingestion of infected amniotic fluid
• Most common site (overall) and most common site for  “primary complex” for “congenital Tuberculosis” is Liver.

• Revised criteria for diagnosis of congenital tuberculosis ( by Cantwell ):
Proven tuberculosis lesions in the infant plus one of the following:
1) Lesions occurring in the first week of life
2) A primary hepatic complex
3) Maternal genital tract or placental tuberculosis
4) Exclusion of postnatal transmission by thorough investigation of contacts.

Monday, 8 June 2015

FRUITS INSPIRED SIGNS.

FRUITS INSPIRED SIGNS.

1. Apple core sign - colon ( colorectal carcinoma).

2. Apple peel appearence - intestinal atresia.

3. Apple core sign - femur. (synovial chondramatosis).

4 .Apple jelly appearence - lupus vulgaris.

5. Banana sign-chiarri malformation.

6. Banana #- paget disease.

7. Berry aneurysms - saccular aneurysm of cerebral artery.
8. Berry ligament- lateral thyrohyoid ligament.
9. Blueberrymuffin baby - congential CMV. INFECTION,toxoplasmosis,rubella
10.Bunch of grapes sign- hydatiform mole.

11. Pear shaped bladder-pelvic haematoma, bilateral lymphocoele.
12. Strawberry skull- Edward syndrome.

13. Strawberry gall bladder-diffuse cholesterolosis in the mucosa of GB.

14. Strawberry nevus - capillary haemanigoma.
15. Strawberry tongue -Kawasaki disease.

16. Strawberry cervix-Trichomonas vaginalis.
17. Cherry red spot - cherry red spot myoclonus syndrome.
18. Cherry angioma - senile haemanigoma.

19. Mulberry calculus- urinary calculus.

20. Mulberry spot- abdmonial eruption in typhus fever.
21.Mulberry molar - congenital syphilis.

22.Mulberry hypertrophy - Rhinitis medicamentosa.
23.Peau d' orange appearence - Breast carcinoma.

Sunday, 7 June 2015

Nerve fibres

NERVE FIBRES

✔ Nerve fibers within peripheral nerves are divided into 3
types A, B and C according to their diameters,
conduction velocities, and physiologic characteristics.

✔A fibers are large, myelinated, conduct rapidly, and carry
various motor or sensory impulses.

✔B fibers are smaller myelinated axons that conduct less
rapidly than A fibers. These fibers serve autonomic
functions.

✔C fibers are the smallest and are non myelinated. They
conduct impulses the slowest and serve pain conduction
and autonomic functions.

✔A delta fibers carries pain and temperature.

✔A alpha fibers are related to motor function and reflex
activity.

✔A beta fibers innervate muscle and transmit touch and
pressure sensations.

✔A gamma fibers control muscle spindle tone.

✔B fibers are thinly myelinated preganglionic autonomic
axons that ultimately control vascular smooth muscle.

✔ A alpha and A beta fibers have maximum conduction
velocity of 30-70m/s.

✔ Conduction velocity of A gamma
fiber is 15 -30m/s and that of A delta fiber is 12-30m/s.

✔Type C fiber has a velocity of 0.5-2 m/s.

✔Type A fiber have the largest diameter, type B fibers
are smaller and type C is the smallest.

Monday, 1 June 2015

Corneal dystrophy mnemonic

Marilyn---macular
Monroe --MPS----> alcian blue

Got --- Granular
Her --- Hyaline
Man---Massons trichrome

in Los-- Lattice
Angeles---Amyloid---> congo  

Schnyder's ----cholesterol-->oil red o & Sudan black

Period of development:

Period of development:

1. Spermatogenesis: 64 days

2. No.of primary oocyte
A. Before birth:- 7 millions
B. After birth:- 7 lakh to 2 million
C. At puberty:- 40,000 to 4 lakh
D. Ovulated:- less than 500

3. Meiotic division
A. M-1: just BEFORE OVULATION by LH
B. M-2: just before fertilization

4. Ovulation: 14 days prior menstruation

5. Fertilization: 48-72 hrs of ovulation

6. Morula (16 cell stage): 3-4th day

7. Implantation: 5-6th day

8. USG:-
A. Gestational ring: 5th WK of LMP
B. Gestational sac: 6th WK of LMP
C. Heart activity: 7th WK of LMP
(Reduce 1 WK in each, in case transvaginal usg is performed)

9. Life span of ovum: 1 day

10. Life span of sperm: 2-3 days

11. Somite: 3rd WK

12. Intra embryonic coelom: 4th WK

13. Brain, Kidney: 5th WK

14. Liver: 5th-10th WK

15. Adrenal: 6th WK

16. Primary ossification in clavicle: 6th WK (in other bones- 8th WK)

17. Physiological hernia appears at 6th WK, reduced at 10 th wk

18. Mammary gland: 7 th WK

19. Genitalia differentiation: 12th WK

20. Liver erythropoieisis: 8-12 wks

21. Urine formation: 9-12 wks

22. Quickening: 20th WK

23. Eye movt: 14th WK

24. Respiration: 26th WK

25. Splenic hemopoeisis: 26-28 wks

26. Pupillary reflex: 30 wks