Semen

Semen Analysis Terminology

Normospermia-All semen parameters normal

Oligozoospermia/Oligospermia-Decreased sperm number<20 million/ml

Asthenozoospermia/asthenosperma- Decreased sperm motility

Teratozoospermia-increased abnormal forms of sperm

Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia-All sperm variables abnormal

Azoospermia-No sperm in semen

Aspermia-No ejaculate (ejaculation failure)

Leucocytospermia- Increased white cells in semen

Necrozoospermia- All sperms non viable or non-motile

Imp error of metabolisms and treatment

Imp error of metabolisms and treatment

Alkaptoneuria-vit c, nitisinone

Homocystinuria-pyridoxine + folic acid

Cysteinuria-alkalization of urine, d-penicillamine, captopril

Hurtnup dis-nicotinamide

Multiple carboxylase def -biotin

Methyl malonic acidemia-vit b12

hyperoxaluria-pyridoxine

tyrosinemia-NTBC, liver transplantation

Most common fractures

MC Fracture overall in Human Body : Clavicle
MC Fracture during childbirth : Clavicle
MC Fracture in a newly born child : Clavicle
MC Fracture in childhood : Greenstick Fracture of Radius/Ulna
MC Fracture in childhood around elbow : Supracondylar Fracture Humerus
MC Carpal Bone Fracture : Scaphoid
MC Carpal Bone Dislocation : Lunate
MC Tarsal Bone Fracture : Calcaneum
MC Tarsal Bone Dislocation : Talus
MC Fracture due to Fall on Ouststretched Hand (FOOSH)
- Elderly : Colles’ Fracture
- Adults : Scaphoid
- Children : Supracondylar Fracture Humerus

Orthopedics

1)Most common ligament injured is:  Anterior talo-fibular ligament

2)MC ligament to be repaired in body:  Anterior collateral ligament (ACL)

3)MC tendon to be injured is:  Tendo-Achiles

4)MC vessel to be injured is: Popliteal vessels

5)MC nerve to be injured is:  Radial nerve

6)MC nerve graft is from:  Sural nerve

7)MC bone graft is from:  Iliac crest > fibula

Serum Biochemistry

Serum biochemistry - Serum biochemistry
•Sodium 135-145 mEq/L

•Potassium 3.5-5.0 mEq/L

•Chloride 95-105 mg/l

•Albumin 3.5- 5.0 gm/dl

•Protein (Total) 6-8 gm/dl

•24 hr Urine protein <150 mg

•Cholesterol 150-250

•Urea 20-40 mg/dl

•Uric acid--> 2.5-8.0 mg%

•Calcium--> 8.8-10.2 mg% (Ionized calcium typically ranges from about 4.6 to 5.3 mg/dL

•Phosphate--> 3.0-4.5 mg

•Creatinine--> 0.5-1.5 mg%

•24 hr Urine creatinine excretion 1.0-1.6 gm/day

•Bicarbonate 22-26 meq/l

•Anion gap 10-12

•pH  7.36-7.44

•PaO2 80-110 mmHg

•PaCO2 31-42 mmHg

•Metabolic Acidosis Bicarbonate < 22 mEq/L

•Metabolic Alkalosis Bicarbonate > 26 mEq/L

•Serum Osmolality 270-285 mOsm/L

•BUN 7-25 mg/dl (3-7 mmol/l)

•BUN/Creatinine 6-25 Serum enzyme
•ALT (SGPT) <40 IU/L

•AST (SGOT) 12-39 IU/L

Bilirubin◦Total 0.3-1.0 mg/dl ◦Direct 0.1-0.3 mg/dl ◦Indirect0.2-0.7 mg/dl

•Alkaline phosphatase40-120 U/L(3-12 KAV)

Retina

RETINA
1. Retinal surface area – 266 mm2
2. Macula lutea – 5.5 mm in diameter
3. Fovea centralis
– 1.85 mm in diameter
– 5 degree of visual field
4. Foveola
– 0.35 mm in diameter
– Situated 3 mm from temporal edge of optic disk to 1 mm below horizontal meridian
5. Parafoveal area – 0.5 mm in diameter.
6. Perifoveal area – 1.5 mm in diameter.
7. Ora serrata – 2.1 mm wide temporally and 0.7–0.8 mm wide nasally.
8. Number of rods about – 120 million
9. Number of cones – 6.5 million
10. Highest density of cones at fovea – 199000 cones/mm2
11. Each rod – 40–60 μm long.
12. Each cone – 40–80 μm long.
13. Foveal avascular zone – 500 μm in diameter.
14. Optic disk – 1.5 mm in
diameter
15. Length of optic nerve – 47–50 mm
Intraocular – 1 mm
Intraorbital – 30 mm
Intracanalicular – 6–9 mm
Intracranial – 10 mm

Vitamins

Important facts about Vitamins:

Heat Stable and light sensitive- Vitamin K and Riboflavine

Vitamin required for electron Transport (Coenz. Q)- Vitamin K1, B2

Dopa and Gaba Metabolism depend on- Pyridoxine

For the Function of Co.A -Pantothenate

Folic acid is Pteroyl Glutamic acid

Folinic Acid is Citrovorum factor

Erythrocyte Maturation Factor- Vitamin B 12

Vitamins Stored in Liver- Vit A, D, K, B 12, Folate

Yellow Crystalline Substance- Riboflavine

Red Crystalline Substance- Vit B12

White Crystalline Substance- Ascorbic Acid

Vitamins Which are present in animal Foods only- Vit B12

Heat Labile Vitamins- Vitamin C and Folic acid

Vitamins That are synthesised in Gut (Flora)- Vit B2, B12 (Not useful) and Vitamin K

Synthesised in body (Skin)- Vit D

Worm infestation causing B12 deficiency- Diphyllobothrium Latum

Vitamins which are antoxidant- Vit E, Vit C

Vitamin useful in the treatment of methemoglobinemia- Vit C (Methylene Blue also useful)

Vitamins with which Hypervitaminosis occurs-Vit A and D

Vitamin deficiency which leads to convulsions- Pyridoxine

Vitamin useful in treatment of Homocystinuria- Pyridoxine

Vitamin useful in treatment of Alkaptonuria- Vit C

Vitamin that is used peripheral vascular disease- Vitamin E (For intermittent Claudication)

Vitamins that causes Hemolysis- Vit K

Vitamin that causes Neonatal Jaundice- Vit K

Vitamin deficiency that causes pseudo paralysis- Vit C, Vit D

Vitamin for wound healing- Vitamin C

Magenta red tongue is due to deficiency of Riboflavine

Raw beef tongue is due to deficiency of Niacin

Baldness of tongue due to deficiency of Vit B12

Vitamin that does not cross placenta- Vit D