Epidemics and endemic

Epidemic Typhus  - Louse
Endemic Typhus - Rat Flea
Epidemic Relapsing Fever- Louse
Endemic Relapsing Fever -Soft Tick

10 IMPORTANT TRIADS - FOR FORTHCOMING EXAMS

1.Saint's Triad - Gall stone, Colonic diverticulosis, hiatus hernia. 

2.Charcot's triad in cholangitis - Pain, fever, jaundice (Note - Reynold's Pentad of cholangitis includes Charcot's -triad + Shock + Mental obtundation). 

3.Hutchison's triad in congenital syphilis - Hutchison's teeth + Interstitial keratitis + Deafness.

4.Whipple's triad in insulinoma - symptoms of hypoglycemia during fasting or exercise + Serum glucose < 45 gm/dl + Relief of symptom after infusion of glucose.

5.Trotter's triad in nasopharyngeal 'Ca' - Trigeminal Neuralgia + Conductive deafness + immobility of homolateral soft palate.

6.Gradenigo's triad in Petrosities - Persistent ear discharge + Retro orbital pain + CN VI palsy.

7.Vogt's triad - Pigment dispersal + Gonosynechia +: Glaucoma floaters.

8.Beck's triad in cardiac tamponade - Distended neck veins + Muffled heart sound + Hypotension.

9.O'Donghu triad - Medial Meniscal injury + injury of medial collateral ligament + Injury of anterior cruciate ligament.

10.Samter's triad - Bronchial asthma + Nasal polyp + Aspirin sensitivity. 

Radiological signs

Acute pancreatitis

renal halo sign
colon cut off sign
gasless abdomen
sentinal loop sign

Chronic pancreatitis

beaded appearance
string of pearls appearance
rat tail stricture of cbd
chain of lakes appearance

Carcinoma pancreas
✅ double contour of the medial border of duodenal c loop
✅ double duct sign
✅ rose thorning of medial wall of 2nd part of duodenum
✅scramble egg appearance
✅ reverse 3 sign of frostberg

Von wilibrand disease

Autosomal dominant

Mc hereditary bleeding disordr

Platlet adhesion defect

Prolonged bt,aptt

Decrease factor 8 may b mod reduced

3 types
Type 1-- partial redctn in vwf
Typ 2-- abnorml form vwf
Typ3-- total lack vwf

defctv platlet aggregation with ristocetin

Rx factor 8 cryoppt

Additional fact ::hemarthrosis
N muscle hematoma z rare


Schizophrenia

Quick revision of some important points of schizhophrenia*

*Emil kraeplin coined the term dementia praecox(ai 2008).

*Eugene bleuler coined the term schizophrenia.

*incidence of schizophrenia is 1 – 1.5 % (tn 1999).schizophrenic symptoms result from increased limbic dopaminergic activity(in mesocortical pathway ) and negetive symptoms result from decreased dopaminergic activity in frontal cortex (pgi 97, 2002).

*paranoid schizophrenia may be caused by amphetamine ingestion (aiims 90,97 mp 98). 

*schizophrenia is a formal thought disorder ( aiims 94) ie primary disturbence în schizophrenia is thought disturbence 

*most common type of schizophrenia is paranoid schizophrenia(pgi 2004).

*paranoid schizoprphrenics usully have predominent first two of signs and symptoms ie hallucination and delusion.( remember russell crowe in the ” a beautiful mind” ) .

***charecteristic / pathognomonic clinical manisfestation of schizo is auditory hallucinations giving running commentry ( aiims 2000, delhi 03, pgi 98).

*auditory hallucination are most common type of hallucination in schizophrenics ( jipmer 95) and it is first symptom to go away /respond to treatment ( aiims 92 , 93 , 90).

*delusion of control ,persecution and self reference are seen in paranoid schizo( pgi 97).

**note that disorganised speech , behaviour and negetive symptoms are not prominent in paranoid schizophrenia.

*it shows second best progonosis among types of schizo [ best progonosis is with catatonic type (mp 04) ].

Calcification

CHROMOSOME

CHROMOSOME 1
Alzheimer disease, type 4
Gaucher disease
Prostate cancer
Glaucoma
Rh blood type
TSH, beta chain
Amylase
Histone proteins

CHROMOSOME 2
Antibody, light chain
Myosin, light chain
Glucagon
Mismatch repair 2 (hereditary
nonpolyposis colon cancer, type 1, HNPCC)
Waardenberg syndrome

CHROMOSOME 3
Rhodopsin (retinitis pigmentosa, partial color blind)
Mismatch repair 1
Colon cancer,
nonpolyposis, type 2
Small cell lung carcinoma
Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome

CHROMOSOME 4
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Red hair color
Achondroplasia (dwarfism)
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome
Huntington disease

CHROMOSOME 5
Diastrophic dysplasia
Steroid 5-alpha-reductase-1
Achondroplasia (dwarfism)

CHROMOSOME 6
MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
HCG, FHS, LH, TSH, alpha chain
Beta tubulin
Juvenile onset diabetes
Spinocerebellar atrophy

CHROMOSOME 7
Collagen 1, alpha 2 (Osteogenesis imperfecta)
Trypsin
Blue cone pigment (partial color blind)
Cystic fibrosis
Obesity

CHROMOSOME 8
Burkitt lymphoma
Werner syndrome

CHROMOSOME 9
ABO blood group
Ultraviolet repair (xeroderma pigmentosum & skin cancer prone)
Malignant melanoma
Tuberous sclerosis

CHROMOSOME 10
Hexokinase (hemolytic anemia)
Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
HROMOSOME 11
Hemoglobin, beta chain (sickle cell anemia, thalessemia)
Insulin (mutation NOT usual cause for diabetes)
Parathyroid hormone
Catalase
FHS, beta chain
Tyrosinase (Albinism)
PAX6, Aniridia
Ataxia telangiectasia
Harvey ras oncogene
Long QT syndrome

CHROMOSOME 12
Tirose phosphate isomerase
Keratin
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Zellweger syndrome

CHROMOSOME 13
Breast Cancer
Retinoblastoma
Wilson Disease

CHROMOSOME 14
Ribosomal RNA
tRNA proline, leucine, threonine
Antibody, heavy chain
Alzheimer disease, type 3

CHROMOSOME 15
Prader-Willi Syndrome,
Angleman Syndrome
Tay-Sachs (N-acetyl-hexosaminidase)
Marfan syndrome (fibrillin)

CHROMOSOME 16
Hemoglobin, alpha chain
Chymotrypsin
Polycystic kidney disease

CHROMOSOME 17
p53 Tumor Suppressor Protein
Charcot -Marie-Tooth-Syndrome
Myosin, heavy chain
Neurofibromatosis
Collagen 1, alpha 1 (Osteogenesis imperfecta)
Growth hormone - Dwarfism
Glucose transporter
Familial breast & ovarian cancer, type 1

CHROMOSOME 18
Niemann Pick Disease
Pancreatic cancer
Suppressor of pancreatic carcinoma
?Tourette Syndrome
(may not be this chromosome)

CHROMOSOME 19
Familial hyperchlolesteralemia (LDL receptors)
Brown hair color
Blue/green eye color
LCG, beta chain
LH, beta chain (Polio virus sensitivity)
Apolipoprotein E
Myotonic dystrophy

CHROMOSOME 20
Severe combined immunodeficiencydisease
(SCID)

CHROMOSOME 21
Ribosomal RNA
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

CHROMOSOME 22

CHROMOSOME 22
Ribosomal RNA
Antibody, light chain
Myglobin
DiGeorge syndrome
Neurofibromatosis, type 2

CHROMOSOME X
Red/green color blindness
Hemophilia A
Pseudoautosomal region X
Interleukin 2 receptor gamma chain (“boy in the bubble”)
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD-“Lorenzo’s Oil”)
Duchenne muscular dystrophy -
Becker muscular dystrophy (dystrophin)
Menkes syndrome
Fragile X (X-linked mental retardation)

CHROMOSOME Y
Testis-determining factor