1. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder – Three components with onset before 12 years of age include inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Children with ADHD may attack a test rapidly, but answer only the first two questions. They may be unable to wait to be called on in school and may respond before everyone else. At home, they cannot be put off for even a minute. Children with ADHD are often explosive or irritable. The irritability may be set off by relatively minor stimuli, which may puzzle and dismay the children. They are frequently emotionally labile and easily set off to laughter or to tears; their mood and performance are apt to be variable and unpredictable. Impulsiveness and an inability to delay gratification are characteristic. Children are often susceptible to accidents. Ref: Synopsis of Psychiatry, Kaplan and Sadock, 10th edn, P. No. 1210.
2. 70. - According to the DSM-IV-TR, mental retardation is defined as significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning resulting in, or associated with, concurrent impairment in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, before the age of 18. General intellectual functioning is determined by the use of standardized tests of intelligence, and the term significantly subaverage is defined as an IQ of approximately 70 or below or two standard deviations below the mean for the particular test. Adaptive functioning can be measured by using a standardized scale, such as the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale. Ref: Synopsis of Psychiatry, Kaplan and Sadock, 10th edn, P. NO. 1140.
3. Retts disease - It has been seen primarily in girls, and case reports so far indicate complete concordance in monozygotic twins. During the first 5 months after birth, infants have age-appropriate motor skills, normal head circumference, and normal growth. At 6 months to 2 years of age, however, these children develop progressive encephalopathy with a number of characteristic features. The signs often include the loss of purposeful hand movements, which are replaced by stereotypic motions, such as hand-wringing; the loss of previously acquired speech; psychomotor retardation; and ataxia. Ref: Synopsis of Psychiatry, Kaplan and Sadock, 10th edn, P. NO. 1200.
4. Autism - The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT; Robins, Fein, & Barton, 1999). The M-CHAT is validated for screening toddlers between 16 and 30 months of age, to assess risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Children who fail more than 3 items total or 2 critical items (particularly if these scores remain elevated after the follow-up interview) should be referred for diagnostic evaluation by a specialist trained to evaluate ASD in very young children.
5. Mental retardation An Act to provide for the constitution of a body at the national level for the Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities. The act provides for social security and legal guardianship for these children.
6. Visual impairment - Pervasive developmental disorders include several that are characterized by impaired reciprocal social interactions, aberrant language development, and restricted behavioral repertoire. Pervasive developmental disorders typically emerge in young children before the age of 3 years. Other associated features include intellectual disability (70-75% of patients), mood instability and varying responses to sensory stimuli. Ref: Synopsis of Psychiatry, Kaplan and Sadock, 10th edn, P. NO. 1196
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