Recent advances in Pathology of Type II diabetes

Recent advances in Pathology of Type II diabetes
=====================================
1. Genes for type II diabetics that cause the insulin resistance and the beta cell failure- a gene on chromosome 2 encoding a cysteine protease, calpain –10, has been reported in some patient.
2. Several adipokines, secreted by fat cells, can affect insulin Action. 
3. Example of adipokines 
I. leptin 
II. Adiponectin 
III. TNF 
IV. Resistin 
A. Adipokines which reduce insulin resistance - a. Leptin b. Adiponectin.
B. Adipokines which increase insulin resistance – a. TNF-alpha b. Resistin