Syndromes

ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES

ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME:
Radiation exposure.
12 hours post-exposure: Vomiting
24 hours post-exposure: Prostration (extreme exhaustion), fever, diarrhea
Later: Petechial hemorrhage, hypotension, tachycardia, profuse bloody diarrhea, maybe death.

CHINESE RESTAURANT SYNDROME: MSG
reaction ------> Chest Pain, burning sensation over parts of body.

BROWN-SEQUARD SYNDROME: Damage
(injury) to half of spinal cord ------> 

symptoms:
Loss of pain and temperature sensation on contralateral side of body.
Loss of proprioception and discriminatory touch on ipsilateral side of body.

CARDIOVASCULAR

ADAMS-STOKES SYNDROME: Heart
block, with slow or absent pulse, often
accompanied by convulsions.

BARLOW SYNDROME: Floppy Mitral Valve Syndrome ; Massive Mitral Valve Prolapse ------> Late apical systolic murmur, systolic click, or both.

EISENMENGER'S SYNDROME:
Ventricular-Septal Defect ------>
Pulmonary hypertension and cyanosis.

FLOPPY-VALVE SYNDROME: Mitral
Incompetence due to myxomatous
degeneration of the leaflets.

LERICHE'S SYNDROME: Occlusion of
distal aorta ------>Hip, thigh, and calf fatigue.
Impotence

BEHCET'S SYNDROME: Vasculitis ------>
secondary symptoms:
Oral and genital ulcers
Uveitis
Optic atrophy

SHOULDER-HAND SYNDROME: Pain in
shoulder and swelling in hand, sometimes occurring after Myocardial Infarction.

SICK SINUS SYNDROME: Chaotic atrial
activity; continual changes in P-Waves.
Bradycardia, alternating with recurrent ectopic beats and runs of tachycardia.

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYNDROME:
Caused by a tumor. Obstruction of SVC
------>
Edema
Engorgement of the vessels of face, neck, and arms.
Nonproductive cough
Dyspnea

TAKAYASU'S SYNDROME: Arteritis of the
Aortic Arch, resulting in no pulse. Seen
in young women.

WOLF-PARKINSON WHITE SYNDROME:
ECG pattern of Paroxysmal
Tachycardia .
Short PR interval
Delta wave = early QRS complex.

GASTROINTESTINAL

IATROGENIC (or Secondary to Medical
Treatment)

AFFERENT LOOP SYNDROME:
Gastrojejunal loop obstruction, proximal to a gastrojejunostomy. Ingestion of food produces nausea, pain, and duodenal distension.

ASHERMAN'S SYNDROME: Adhesions within the endometrial cavity , causing
amenorrhea and infertility.
Adhesions probably were caused by surgery.

ULYSSES SYNDROME: Ill effects from
follow-up diagnostic tests following a
false-positive screening test.

NEOPLASTIC (Malignant or Benign)

CARCINOID SYNDROME: Carcinoid
tumor producing Bradykinin + Serotonin ------> secondary symptoms:
Cyanotic flushing
Diarrhea
Bronchial spasm
Edema, ascites .

CRONKHITE-CANADA SYNDROME:
GI- Polyps with diffuse alopecia (hair-loss)
and nail dystrophy .
May see protein-losing enteropathy and malabsorption.

GARDNER'S SYNDROME: Multiple
inherited tumors, hereditary dominant
trait. Skull osteomas, Fibromas,
Epidermoid cysts
Colonic polyposis (APC gene) ------
> predisposition to colonic
adenocarcinoma.

LAMBERT-EATON SYNDROME:
Progressive proximal muscle weakness
secondary to a carcinoma.

MEIGS' SYNDROME: Fibroma of ovary
with ascites and hydrothorax

PANCOAST SYNDROME: Tumor near
pulmonary apex ------>
Neuritic pain of chest and arm
Muscle atrophy of the arm
Horner's Syndrome (impaired cervical sympathetics)

PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME: Polyposis
(hamartomas) of small intestine. Also see melanin pigmentation ofbuccal mucosa and skin around mouth and lips

CONGENITAL CEREBELLAR SYNDROME: Congenital Cerebellar Ataxia

CERVICAL SYNDROME: Supernumerary
C7 rib ------> Pressure on brachial
plexus ------> pain radiating over shoulder, arm, and forearm over C7 distribution.

DANDY-WALKER SYNDROME:
Obstruction of Foramina of Magendie
and Luschka in infants ------> Hydrocephalus.

DIGEORGE SYNDROME:
Congenital absence of 3 rd and 4th Branchial Arches (Thymus and Parathyroid
Glands) ------> secondary symptoms:
No cell-mediated immunity ------>Frequent viral and fungal infections
Characteristic facial deformities

DOWN SYNDROME: Trisomy 21 . Mental
retardation, characteristic facial
features, Simeon crease in hand.

FANCONI'S SYNDROME
Type I: Bone- marrow hypoplasia ------>
anemia, pancytopenia.

EHLERS-DANLOS SYNDROME: Congenital
defect in collagen.
Hyper-elasticity and friability of the skin.
Hyperextensibility of the joints.

FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME: Fetal
malformations, growth deficiencies,
craniofacial anomalies, limb defects.

GOODPASTURE'S SYNDROME:
Autoantibodies against basement
membranes ------> Glomerulonephritis
(kidney) and hemoptysis (lungs).
Often, death by renal failure

KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME: Trisomy
XXY ------> testicular atrophy, increase
in gonadotropins in urine.

KLIPPEL-FEIL SYNDROME:
Cervical vertebrate fused
Congenital short neck, limited neck
rotation
Abnormalities of the brainstem and
cerebellum
Low hairline.

LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME: Deficiency of
HGPRT (Hypoxanthine-Guanine
Phospho-ribosyltransferase ------>
Hyperuricemia, uric acid kidney
stones
Choreoathetosis
Mental retardation, autism, spastic
cerebral palsy
X-Linked recessive

MARFAN SYNDROME: Connective Tissue
disorder ------>
Arachnodactyly: Abnormally long
digits and extremities
Subluxation of lens
Dissecting aortic aneurism

POSTRUBELLA SYNDROME: Infantile
defects resulting from maternal Rubella
infection during first trimester.
Microphthalmos, cataracts
Deafness
Mental retardation
Patent ductus arteriosis, Pulmonary
arterial stenosis

PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME: Short
stature, mental retardation, polyphagia
with marked obesity, sexual infantilism.

RENDU-OSLER-WEBER SYNDROME:
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.

SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME:
Unexplained death in sleeping infants.

TURNER'S SYNDROME: XO monosomy.
Dwarfism
Webbed neck
Valgus of elbow.
Amenorrhea

WILSON SYNDROME: Congenital defect
in Ceruloplasmin, leading to buildup of
copper ------> mental retardation,
cirrhosis, hepatolenticular
degeneration.

ENDOCRINE, REPRODUCTIVE

AMENNORRHEA-GALACTORRHEA
SYNDROME: Non-physiologic lactation,
resulting from endocrinologic causes or
from a pituitary disorder.

CONN'S SYNDROME: Primary
Hyperaldosteronism ------> muscular
weakness, hypertension, hypokalemia,
alkalosis.

CUSHING'S SYNDROME: Hypersecretion
of cortisol ------> secondary symptoms
and characteristics:
Fatness of face and trunk with
wasting of extremities
Buffalo hump
Bone decalacification
Corticoid diabetes
Hypertension

PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME: Abnormal
sensation in breasts, abdominal pain,
thirst, headache, pelvic congestion,
nervous irritability.
Ocassionally nausea and vomiting.

SHEEHAN'S SYNDROME: Post-partum
pituitary necrosis ------>
hypopituitarism.

STEIN-LEVENTHAL SYNDROME:
Polycystic ovary ------> infertility,
amenorrhea, hirsutism. Seen in obese
women.

TESTICULAR FEMINIZATION SYNDROME:
Insensitivity to Testosterone. Male
Psuedohermaphroditism
Complete female external genatalia,
incompletely developed vagina,
rudimentary uterus.

PULMONARY
KARTAGENER'S SYNDROME: Situs
Inversus (lateral transposition of lungs)
resulting from chronic sinusitis and
bronchiectasis.

HAMMAN-RICH SYNDROME: Interstitial
fibrosis of the lung.

MIDDLE-LOBE SYNDROME: Chronic
pneumonitis and atalectasis of middle
lobe of right lung.

CHURG-STRAUSS SYNDROME: Allergic
Granulomatous Angiitis: Asthma, fever,
eosinophilia.

INFECTIOUS

FITZ-HUGH-CURTIS SYNDROME:
Gonococcal Periphepatitis in woman,
as a complication of Gonorrhea.

GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME: Infectious
Polyneuritis of unknown cause.

HUNT'S SYNDROME: Herpe's Zoster
infection of Facial Nerve (CN VII) and
Geniculate Ganglion ------> facial palsy.
Zoster of ear

PARINAUD'S SYNDROME: Preauricular
lymph node enlargement on the same
side as conjunctivitis.

REYE'S SYNDROME: Loss of
consciousness and seizures in kids,
after a viral infection treated by aspirin.

REITER'S SYNDROME: Symptom cluster.
Etiology is thought to be Chlamydial or
post-chlamydial.
Urethritis
Iridocyclitis (Conjunctivitis)
Arthritis
Skin lesions like karatoderma blenorrhagicum
Also can see fatty liver or liver necrosis.

SCALDED SKIN SYNDROME: S. Aureus
toxic epidermal necrolysis.

STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME:
Erythema Multiforme complication.
Large areas of skin slough,
including mouth and anogenital
membranes.
Mucous membranes: stomatitis,
urethritis, conjunctivitis.
Headache, fever, malaise.

TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME: Caused by
superabsorbent tampons. Infection
with Staph Aureus and subsequent
toxicity of exotoxin TSST ------>
systemic anaphylaxis.
Fever, vomiting, diarrhea
Red rash followed by desquamation

WATERHOUSE-FRIEDRICHSON
SYNDROME: Meningeococcal Meningitis
------> DIC, hemorrhagic infarct of
adrenal glands ------> fulminant
adrenal failure.
Vomiting, diarrhea.
Shock
Extensive purpura, cyanosis,
circulatory collapse.

RENAL

KEMMELSTIEL-WILSON SYNDROME:
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis.

BARTTER'S SYNDROME: Juxtaglomerular
Cell Hyperplasia ------> secondary
symptoms:
Hyperaldosteronism, Hypokalemic
Alkalosis, elevated renin and
angiotensin
No hypertension.
Compare to Conn's Syndrome

FANCONI'S SYNDROME Type II: Renal
aminoaciduria, glycosuria,
hypophosphaturia, cysteine deposition,
rickets.

THORN'S SYNDROME: Salt-losing
nephritis.

NEUROLOGICAL

CARPAL-TUNNEL SYNDROME:
Compression of Median Nerve through
the Carpal Tunnel ------> pain and
parasthesia over distribution of Median
N.

FROIN'S SYNDROME: Block in CSF flow
------> xanthochromia (yellow
discoloration) of CSF.

ACUTE-BRAIN SYNDROME: Delirium,
confusion, disorientation, developing
suddenly in a person that was
previously psychologically normal.

GERSTMANN'S SYNDROME: Lesion
between occipital area and angular
gyrus ------> symptoms:
Finger agnosia, Agraphia, acalculia
Right-left disorientation

HORNER'S SYNDROME: Loss or lesion of
cervical sympathetic ganglion ------>
Ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis
Enophthalmos (caved in eyes)

KORSAKOFF SYNDROME: Loss of short-
term memory in chronic alcoholism,
caused by degeneration of mamillary
bodies.

RILEY-DAY SYNDROME: Familial
dysautonomia.

GASTROINTESTINAL

MALLORY-WEISS SYNDROME: Laceration
of lower end of esophagus from
vomiting ------> hematemesis. Often
seen in alcoholics.

MALABSORPTION SYNDROME: Impaired
absorption of dietary substance ------>
diarrhea, weakness, weight loss, or
symptoms from specific deficiencies.

BARRETT SYNDROME: Chronic peptic
ulcer of the lower esophagus, resulting
in metaplasia of esophageal columnar
epithelium ------> squamous
epithelium.

ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME:
Gastrin-secreting tumor in pancreas
------> Severe peptic ulcers, gastric
hyperacidity.

PLUMMER-VINSON SYNDROME:
Esophageal Webs, leading to dysphagis
and atrophy of papillae of tongue.
Also see hypochromic anemia,
splenomegaly.

RETICULOENDOTHELIAL, HEMATOLOGIC

BANTI'S SYNDROME: Chronic
Congestive Splenomegaly with anemia,
caused by either Portal Hypertension
or Splenic Vein Thrombosis.

BUDD-CHIARI SYNDROME:
ACUTE: Hepatic Vein Thrombosis
------> Massive ascites and dramatic
death.
CHRONIC: Gradual hepatomegaly,
portal hypertension, nausea,
vomiting, edema, ulimately death.

DUBIN-JOHNSON SYNDROME: Defect in
excretion of conjugated bilirubin ------>
recurrent mild jaundice. Buildup of
direct builirubin in blood.

CHIDIAK-HIGASHI SYNDROME:
Abnormalities in leukocytes with large
inclusions.

CRUVEILHIER-BAUMGARTEN SYNDROME: Symptoms cluster:
Liver cirrhosis
Caput Medussae
Venous hum and thrill

FELTY'S SYNDROME: Rheumatoid
Arthritis with splenomegaly, leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia.

LOFFLER'S SYNDROME: Eosinophilia
with transient infiltrates in lungs .

PARINAUD'S SYNDROME: Preauricular
lymph node enlargement on the same
side as conjunctivitis.

UNCATEGORIZED

YELLOW-NAIL SYNDROME: Stop growth
of nails ------> increased convexity, thickening, and yellowing of nails.
Found in Lymphedema, bronchitis,
chronic bronchiectasis.

COSTOCHONDRAL SYNDROME: Pain in
chest with tenderness over one or more costochondral junctions.
Similar to Tietze's Syndrome but no
specific inflammation.

TIETZE'S SYNDROME: Costochondritis.
Swelling and tenderness of the costal
cartilege.

MIKULICZ'S SYNDROME: Salivary and
lacrimal enlargement as seen in several
diseases:
Sarcoidosis
Tuberculosis
Leukemia

MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME: Malingering
-- fabrication of a clinically convincing
disease by an itinerant malingerer.

PICKWICKIAN SYNDROME: Symptom
cluster
Obesity
Hypoventilation
Somnolence
Erythrocytosis

RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME:
Need to stretch legs at night before going to
sleep; twitch in legs causing insomnia.

STRAIGHT BACK SYNDROME: Loss of
normal kyphosis of thoracic spine ------>
Straight spine
Ejection murmur
Widened cardiac silouhette on x- ray

SJ0GREN'S SYNDROME: Autoimmune
complex
Keratoconjuctivitis Sicca (dry eyes
and mouth)
Dryness of Mucous membranes
Telangiectasias in face
Parotid enlargement